Hoffbrand's Essential Haematology is widely regarded as the most authoritative introduction to the subject available, helping medical students and trainee doctors understand the essential principles of modern clinical and laboratory haematology for nearly four decades. Now in its eighth edition, this market-leading textbook introduces the formation and function of blood cells and the diseases that arise from dysfunction and disruption of these processes.

Hoffbrand's Essential Haematology outlines the basic principles of clinical and laboratory haematology and shows how manifestations of blood diseases can be explained by new knowledge of the disease processes. It is an indispensable resource for students and trainees and an essential read for all specialists who are interested in updating their knowledge.

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Erythropoiesis, red cell membrane, haemoglobin structure and function; leucopoiesis, leucocyte structure and function; thrombopoiesis, platelet structure and function; metabolism of iron, vitamin B12 and folate; anaemia, thalassaemia and haemoglobinopathies; non-malignant white blood cell disorders; introduction to haematological malignancies; tests performed in haematology; anticoagulants; laboratory safety and decontamination procedures; normal and abnormal blood cell morphology; preparation, evaluation, examination of blood films; automated cell counting and determination of indices; erythrocyte sedimentation rates; quality control, quality assurance and total quality management.

Hoffbrand\'s Essential Haematology is widely regarded as the most authoritative introduction to the subject available, helping medical students and trainee doctors understand the essential principles of modern clinical and laboratory haematology for nearly four decades. Now in its eighth edition, this market-leading textbook introduces the formation and function of blood cells and the diseases that arise from dysfunction and disruption of these processes.

Beautifully presented with over 300 stunning colour illustrations, the new edition has been thoroughly updated to reflect recent advances in knowledge of the pathogenesis of blood diseases and their diagnosis and treatment. This new text:

A second group is composed of patients who have "nutritional" anemia or anemiadue to iron loss, reduced B12 vitamin absorption or folate deficiency. The main causes ofiron losses are gastrointestinal, urinary or gynecologic diseases. It is essential to lookfor blood loss, because, in spite of the anemia being important, the cause of the bloodloss will probably be more important(16-18). The levels of B12 and folate arefrequently low in the elderly, but deficiency of the first vitamin only accounts for 1 to2% of the cases of anemia, far less than those related to the iron loss(4,19,20). An even less important cause is folatedeficiency, with a possible reason for this being alcohol abuse(4).

The analysis of embryo viability showed that RHAU is essential for gastrulation because in the absence of RHAU embryos died at the gastrulation stage. Interestingly, embryo degeneration and developmental defects were also observed after ablation of another DEAH helicase in mice.9 Thus, these results identify a possible general role of DEAH helicases in mouse embryogenesis, possibly in connection with the regulation of factors important for organogenesis.33,34

So far, only one member of the DEAH family has been implicated in hematopoiesis. Ubiquitously expressed DHX32 is specifically down-regulated in acute lymphoblastic leukemia,35 but a causal role for this helicase in leukemia development has not yet been addressed. In the present work, we have demonstrated that RHAU plays an essential role in hematopoiesis in a stage- and lineage-specific manner. As hematopoiesis involves many discrete steps regulated at multiple levels in which various RNA metabolic activities occur, it would not be surprising to find that further RNA helicases are involved in this process.

In the competitive BM transplantation experiments, outgrowth of RHAU-expressing hematopoietic cells over RHAU-ablated cells was observed in the recipient mice. Therefore, RHAU appeared to be essential in the development of both myeloid and lymphoid lineages. This defect can be accounted for by the inefficient population propagation of stem cells and progenitors before lineage commitment. However, analysis of individual lineages showed that RHAU is differentially required for the development of different lineages. In the erythroid lineage, RHAU ablation hindered progression of erythroblast cells at the ProE-to-Ery.A stage. Nevertheless, RHAU-ablated erythroblasts still developed to mature RBCs. Beside the erythroid lineage, the lymphoid lineage also requires RHAU for its development because the peripheral lymphocyte counts were dramatically decreased in RHAU-ablated mice. Furthermore, although the numbers of differentiated lymphoid cells and erythrocytes was low, the number of LT-HSCs was enhanced in the absence of RHAU. We speculate that the increase in LT-HSCs might be a response to insufficiently functioning hematopoietic stem cells. This might be similar to the phenomenon of increased ProEs in response to elevated Epo in anemic RHAUfl/fl:Vav-iCre mice.

FANCJ (homolog of DOG-1 in Caenorhabditis elegans), BLM, and WRN are 3 other DNA helicases that also bind and resolve G4-DNA.43,44 These helicases are essential for genome stability. Deficiency of any one of these helicases is linked to various diseases, including premature aging and cancers.39 Genetic knockout of these helicases have been achieved previously. BLM-null mice are embryonically lethal45 and, although WRN-null mice are normal, WRN-null fibroblasts undergo premature senescence.46 Comparative Genomic Hybridization experiments have shown that deficiency of FANCJ or DOG-1 leads to deletion of sequences that are close to G4 motifs.47 Furthermore, a recent study showed that FANCJ, BLM, and WRN are essential for epigenetic stability of DNA sequences associated with G4 motifs.48 Although RHAU can bind the G4 motif, it has never been found associated with these well-studied helicases. Therefore, it will be important to further investigate whether RHAU regulates gene expression and cell proliferation through similar pathways as FANCJ, WRN, and BLM or through a novel pathway that involves G4 motifs.

Invasive procedures are frequent and painful in children treated in paediatric haematology. It is therefore essential to take into consideration and anticipate the pain induced by these procedures. The caregiver has various effective methods of providing a high quality care management. be457b7860

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