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Describing, naming and understanding the tissues and cell types composing biological organisms underpin myriad research endeavours in the biosciences. This is obvious when the organismal structure is a direct subject of the investigation such as in analyses of structure-function relationships. However, it also applies when structure represents the context. Gene expression networks and physiological processes cannot be divorced from the spatial and structural framework of the organs in which they operate. Atlases of anatomy and a precise vocabulary are therefore key tools on which modern scientific endeavours in the life sciences are based. One of the seminal authors whose books are familiar to nearly everyone in the plant biology community is Katherine Esau (1898-1997), a phenomenal plant anatomist and microscopist whose textbooks are still used daily around the world - 70 years after their first publication. Several technical innovations in microscopy have emerged since Esau's time and plant biological studies by authors who were trained using her books are shown side-by-side with Esau's drawings.
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Esau was born on 3 April 1898 in Ekaterinoslav, Russian Empire (now Dnipro, Ukraine) to a family of Mennonites of German descent, so-called "Russian Mennonites". She attended a Mennonite Parish school prior to entering secondary school. Esau began studying agriculture in 1916 at the Golitsin Women's Agricultural College in Moscow, but returned home at the end of her second semester due to the Bolshevik Revolution.[3][5][4]
Katherine's father, John Esau, was the mayor of Ekaterinoslav. The revolution placed the family at risk due to their wealth, position, and nationality. Esau was considered a "counterrevolutionary bourgeoisie".[3] The family managed to escape by boarding a German troop train in Ekaterinoslav on 20 December 1918, reaching Berlin on 5 January 1919 after a two-week trip.[3]
Although Berlin was still in conflict, Katherine became a student at the Berlin Landwirtschaftliche Hochschule (Agricultural College of Berlin). She studied farm management with Friedrich Aereboe [de] and plant breeding with geneticist Erwin Baur.[3]
In 1927, Spreckels was visited by Wilfred William Robbins, from the University Farm of the Northern Branch of the College of Agriculture (now University of California, Davis), and Henry A. Jones of the Davis Division of Truck Crops. Esau showed them her beet fields and asked about the graduate program at Davis. Robbins accepted her and employed her as a graduate assistant in the Botany Division. Esau resumed her education at the University of California, Davis in 1928.[3] Since Davis did not grant graduate degrees at that time, she officially registered for the Ph.D. program through the University of California Berkeley. Her doctoral committee were W.W. Robbins, (botanist and the chair), T.H. Goodspeed, cytologist, and T.E. Rawlins, plant pathologist. Esau was formally awarded a doctorate in 1931 which was granted by UC Berkeley in 1932. She was also elected to the Phi Beta Kappa honor society in 1932.[4][8]
Esau then joined the faculty in the new post of Junior Botanist in the Agricultural Experiment Station in the College of Agriculture. She taught at the University of California, Davis from 1932 to 1963. In 1963 she moved to University of California, Santa Barbara to better continue collaborative work with Vernon I. Cheadle.[3]
Esau was a pioneering plant anatomist and her books Plant Anatomy (1953) and Anatomy of Seed Plants (1960) are considered "iconic texts" in plant structural biology.[1] Her early work in plant anatomy focused on the effect of viruses on plants, specifically on plant tissue and development. Her doctoral research had changed from field to laboratory study of curly top virus disease of sugar beet because of the difficulty of containing field infections with the disease. This led to her focus on plant anatomy and especially phloem tissue that was the subject of her scientific career. She soon discovered that the virus spread through the plants along the phloem. She began applying electron microscopy to her research in 1960.[10]
While teaching at the University of California, Davis, she continued her research on viruses and specifically phloem, the food conducting tissue in plants. In the 1950s, she collaborated with botanist Vernon Cheadle on more phloem research. Her treatise The Phloem (1969) was published as Volume 5 of the Handbuch der Pflanzenanatomie. This volume has been recognized as the most important of the series and was a definitive source of information about phloem.[11]
Esau continued research well into her 90s, publishing a total of 162 articles and five books. Her papers are held by the Department of Special Collections in the Davidson Library at the University of California, Santa Barbara.[12] She was official mentor to only 15 doctoral students but her exceptional ability as a teacher was recognised and appreciated by many.[4] Ray Evert, one of Esau's graduate students, says: "The book Plant Anatomy brought to life what previously had seemed to me to be a rather dull subject. I was not the only one so affected. Plant Anatomy had an enormous impact worldwide, literally bringing about a revivification of the discipline."[10]
Many of Esau's publications are housed and available for loan from the Cornelius Herman Muller library at the University of California, Santa Barbara's Cheadle Center for Biodiversity and Ecological Restoration.
In memory of her contributions as a lecturer, author and scientist, the Katherine Esau Award is awarded to the graduate student who presents the best paper in structural and developmental biology at the annual meeting of the Botanical Society of America.[17]
When botanist Katherine Esau died June 4, 1997 at age 99, Peter Raven, director of the Missouri Botanical Garden, remembered that she "absolutely dominated the field of plant anatomy and morphology for several decades. She set the stage for all kinds of modern advances in plant physiology and molecular biology."
Raven's comment reflects Esau's significant scientific contributions, but what is perhaps as impressive is the story of her remarkable and improbable journey from a childhood in Russia to a distinguished research career, which included 35 years at UC Davis as a student and faculty member.
Katherine Esau was born in the Ukraine in 1898. Her family fled to Berlin after World War I because Katherine's father, who was loyal to the Czar, feared Bolshevik persecution. So it was from Germany that Esau emigrated to the United States. The family entered the country at Ellis Island, but left New York to settle in the Mennonite community of Reedley, CA.
In 1924, Esau, who had studied agriculture in Russia and Germany, accepted a position working for the Spreckels Sugar Co. in Monterey, Calif. She was to develop a sugarbeet resistant to curly top-an economically ruinous viral disease spread by an insect called a leaf hopper. No one else at Spreckels was working on the project and Esau instituted a successful hybridization program.
When W.W. Robbins, then chair of UC Davis' botany division and the namesake of Robbins Hall, paid a serendipitous visit to Spreckels, Esau asked him about graduate studies at UC Davis. He responded by offering her a graduate assistantship.
Esau hoped to continue her research on developing the curly top-resistant sugarbeet at UC Davis, but after her initial year of graduate studies, she arrived at an impasse. Other UC Davis researchers had sugar beet fields they did not want infected with the curly top virus, which meant Esau could not release virus-laden leafhoppers in the open. Undaunted, she decided to focus her research on the effect of the curly top virus on sugarbeets, a decision that changed her field to pathological plant anatomy and led to the lifelong career Peter Raven praised so highly.
Once Esau received her doctorate in 1931, Robbins asked her to join the UC Davis faculty. One of her early publications as a faculty member reported her discovery that the curly top virus spreads through a plant via the food-conducting or phloem tissue. Esau's research on another host of the curly top virus, the tobacco plant, strengthened this concept.
The John Simon Guggenheim Foundation recognized in 1940 Esau's developmental studies and work on diseased plants by granting her a one-year fellowship. Six years later, Esau presented a review of the work she had done during her first 15 years at UC Davis when she was selected to give the Faculty Research Lecture, the highest honor the campus bestows for research.
In the late 1940s, in a house that still stands at 237 First Street, Esau began to write a manuscript that became the 735-page, classic textbook Plant Anatomy. Ray Evert, a former graduate student of Esau's and now chair of the botany department at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, recalls the book's influence on him when it was first published in 1954:"Dr. Esau's Plant Anatomy took a dynamic, developmental approach designedto enhance one's understanding of plant structure. The book Plant Anatomy brought to life what previously had seemed to me to be a rather dull subject. I was not the only one so affected. Plant Anatomy had an enormous impact worldwide, literally bringing about a revivification of the discipline."
In addition to creating an impressive scientific legacy, Esau established in 1993 "The Katherine Esau Fellowship Program," which provides funds to junior faculty members, visiting scholars, and postdoctoral researchers for the study of plant structure and development evolution and/or function.
Tom Rost, professor of plant biology, had a similar reaction. "I took my first plant anatomy course as a graduate student in 1963, and Esau's Plant Anatomy and the lab manual that went with it were the textbooks used. They hooked me on plant anatomy." Until it became unavailable in 1996, Rost continued to use an updated version of Esau's book for the plant anatomy course he teaches. However, he still uses photomicrographs prepared by Esau. 152ee80cbc
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