Intermittent lung ventilation is a respiratory pattern wherein breaths occur in clusters. Intermittent lung ventilation is common in amphibians and can occur in mammals. Isolated brainstems from postmetamorphic tadpoles exhibiting episodic lung ventilatory bursts were superfused with baclofen, a potent gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)(B) receptor agonist. At moderate concentrations (0.125 to 0.5 microM), the number of lung bursts per episode decreased but their overall frequency was unchanged. At 0.5 microM, only 1.22+/-0.24 lung bursts occurred per episode, indicating virtually no clustering. Only at higher concentrations was overall breathing frequency decreased. Therefore, at moderate concentrations of baclofen continuous ventilation replaced episodic ventilation, suggesting that a GABA(B) receptor-dependent pathway may regulate the clustering of lung breaths.

Hourly measurements of organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC) in fine particles (PM 2.5) were conducted at an urban site of Incheon, Korea, between June 2004 and October 2004, using a Sunset Lab semi-continuous carbon field instrument with a continuous-flow non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) detector system. Analyses were performed using the NIOSH thermal-optical transmittance (TOT) protocol. Five-minute black carbon (BC) concentrations were also measured simultaneously using an aethalometer to compare with the thermal and optical EC measurements obtained from a Sunset Lab carbon analyzer. Close inspection of 1-h time-resolved OC and EC measurements reveals many carbon transients, which were mostly attributed to local traffic emissions. In this study, only three distinct carbon pollution episodes are discussed. The first episode was characterized by smoke plumes from forest fires that occurred in southeastern China, which resulted in enhanced OC concentrations. The second episode was strongly associated with regional haze over northeastern China and local stagnation conditions, which lead to highly elevated OC and EC levels throughout the episode. The third episode occurred at the weekend (Saturday and Sunday) was related to broad OC peak and the highest short-term OC excursion over the entire study period. Back trajectory analysis and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS) satellite image data were used to characterize potential source regions for the developed episodes and the transport pathways of the air masses. The measured EC concentrations for the three episodes were strongly associated with the optical EC ( R2=0.90-0.98) and BC concentrations ( R2=0.93-0.95). The slopes from the relationship between EC and BC varied with the classification of the pollution episodes, ranging from 0.79 to 1.22, suggesting that the attenuation coefficient used for the determination of the BC particle concentrations could depend on the time, sampling location, emission sources of carbon particles, etc.

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