The War of 1812 was an event which shaped and laid the foundation for the United States to become the dominant power in the Western Hemisphere. This war is sometimes referred to as the Second War for Independence as America let other nations of the world know it would no longer be disrespected. America had had conflicts with the British Empire due to trading policies and interference from British ships. American citizens weren't happy with the British acts of aggression against their ships, but they worried about the outcome of the war because their Army and Navy weren't prepared to go to war. Despite these reservations, they needed to protect their liberties and independence. Americans felt the British were trying to retain control over them as they had done early on with the original colonies. The War of 1812 was an event which helped the United States organize its military power, taught the country how to wage war successfully, and allowed the United States to claim its position as the dominant nation in the Western Hemisphere.
The British had been engaged in a war with other European countries who were controlled by Napoleon Bonaparte. The United States was trading with Britain and France while they were engaged in battle. "In Britain's effort to control the world's oceans, the British Royal Navy encroached upon American maritime rights and cut into American trade during the Napoleonic Wars" (USS Constitution Museum, The War of 1812 Overview). Britain didn't want American merchants to be assisting their enemies. The British were reliant on trade with America to garner raw materials so they could continue to support their military and industrial demands. In order for the British to win against the French, they needed to cut off supplies from America. " The two leading causes of the war were the British Orders-In-Council, which limited American trade with Europe, and impressment, the Royal Navy's practice of taking seamen from American merchant vessels to fill out the crews of its chronically undermanned warships" (USS Constitution Museum, The War of 1812 Overview). American citizens were shocked by how the British were taking their ships and their people. Britain didn't have the right to impose and encroach upon the shipping rights of America's trade. The United Sates had worked hard to establish themselves as an independent nation which was free from tyrannical rulers. Their need to act against the British was imperative so they could save the republic.
American militias were the main forces fighting against the British Army in the regions of the Great Lakes. "The principle theater of operations for the war was the American-Canadian frontier between Detroit and Lake Champlin" (War of 1812, Encyclopedia.com). Some states were fearful to send their militias to these frontiers. The states were concerned that the militias might revolt against the government and create another dictator type of government because of past concerns during the Revolutionary War. The militias also had limited training which would prove fatal in some battles against the British. "Over the summer and fall of 1812, U.S. forces... were directed to invade Canada at Detroit, Niagara, and Montreal; but inadequate preparations, poor leadership, and untrained troops undermined the invasion" (War of 1812, Encyclopedia.com). Militias in the United States weren't prepared for full scale battles against Britain on the frontier. Their advantages were knowledge of the territory they would engage in battle with the British and how to use the terrain to defeat the British. The militia relied on surprise attacks and ambush warfare in their battle against the British. These techniques proved to be successful.
At the beginning of the war, the British had the East Coast of the United States under blockade. No American ship could leave or enter. "The only American Victories in the opening months of the war occurred on the ocean as heavy frigates of the tiny U.S. navy took to the seas to protect American trade and harass the vast superior naval forces of their enemy" (War of 1812, Encyclopedia.com). These victories against the British Royal Navy were turning points in the war for the United States. Americans saw how their naval power was winning the war. This boosted the spirit of the United States. The USS Constitution was perhaps the most famous ship of the war. "In August 1812, the USS Constitution, under Capt. Isaac Hull, destroyed the HMS Guerriere" (War of 1812, Encyclopedia.com). The USS Constitution became a symbol of hope to the American people. Once the British realized how destructive the United States' Navy could be, their strategies in the war were less effective both at sea and on land.
The War of 1812 showed the United States it needed a strong military if it was to defend its homeland and be recognized in the world. Militias were severely undertrained and couldn't sustain long battles on the open frontiers of the war. "It would not however, be deemed improbable, to conclude that from 10 to 12,000 were engaged, about double the effective force of Gen. Jackson" (Waldo S. Putnam, Memoirs of Andrew Jackson). This passage from Andrew Jackson highlights how the United States suffered heavy casualties during the war. States expected their militias to fight as an organized army. The British had an army which was well trained and could organize in uniform fashion. After the war, the United States began to organize their Army and Naval forces into a stronger military capable of going to war. "The Vermont volunteers, who had hastened to the scene of the action on the first alarm, fell upon the enemy's left flank and succeeded in making many prisoners, including three officers" (The Naval Temple). Leadership also increased in the years following the war because generals and commanders of the United States' military studied and became more familiar with battle scenarios and tactics.
During the War of 1812, people were fearful the United States would be defeated by the British. The British had the strongest Navy in the world and were considered the superpower of the world. Americans knew if they lost the war, they would be under the control of another tyrannical king or dictator. "That all goods so imported shall be liable to the same duties, and under the same warehousing regulation as if imported according to the Navigation Act" (Croker John Wilson, A key to the Orders in Council). The United States spent many years maintaining a republic which was based on freedom and liberty. The spirit of protecting these rights and liberty was what helped the United States to fight for those rights in the future. Fighting on their home soil and calling themselves Americans rather than saying they were Virginians or New Yorkers was a way to unite their forces against the British Empire. The revival of American patriotism was a key factor in getting the upper hand in the war and defeating the British. "It fostered a strong sense of national pride among the American people..." (NMAH, War of 1812). America knew its Navy and militias were not qualified, but the will to defend their homeland and spirit to fight was the fuel which drove them to victory.
"From the success of our efforts by sea and land and the character of our negotiations I am satisfied the treaty is honorable for us and that the after scene at New Orleanswinds up the whole gloriously for our National Character throughout Europe" (Letter, 1815 Feb. 26). The Treaty of Ghent officially ended The War of 1812. The letter from Benjamin Hawkins to Peter Early (Georgia's Governor) shows how the treaty accommodated everyone on the battlefield. The United States would no longer receive interference from European nations. Europeans now respected the United States and recognized it as a free, independent nation. This new found sense of accomplishment helped the United States move into the new Era of Democracy in its government. The new nation no longer tolerated or allowed European settlement on their soil. After the war, the United States began to function as a new nation. The Monroe Doctrine was one of America's first documents which helped the United States gain power in the Western Hemisphere. The document outlined how European powers would no longer be allowed to settle on the American continent or interfere with the United States or Latin American countries. This document also enforced American foreign policies for many years and is sometimes called America's Diplomatic Declaration of Independence. It was a document born out of the new sense of Democracy and pride in the United States. Another outcome of the war was Francis Scott Key's Defense of Fort M'Henry poem which was written during the Battle of Fort McHenry. "O! say can you see by the dawns early light, What so proudly we hailed at the twilights last gleaming..." (Primary Source Reading, The Star Spangled Banner). The poem was a significant symbol to the American people as it illustrated the nation's fight to protect the liberties of its people. It also showed how the United State stood up to the most powerful nation in Europe and would no longer be controlled by that country or any other country in the future. This poem was later renamed "The Star-Spangled Banner." This poem was eventually turned into song form, and the United States adopted it as its national anthem in 1931.
The War of 1812 was a significant historical event that would lay the ground work for the United States to become a superpower in the world. While the war lasted only a few years, the ideas and outcome gave birth to a new sense of unity and democracy in the American people. The United States was now a nation which was recognized by many nations around the world as a free and independent country. Scholars from other countries traveled to the United States to study its form of government and the liberties of its people in order to understand what set the United States apart from other countries. As the United States began to expand towards the West, Native American tribes were stripped of their land and freedom. Not all people who live in the United States were happy with the expansion and the growth of our country. The war also helped to strengthen the policy of staying out of European conflicts. The United States would no longer be involved in foreign affairs or conflicts unless asked to intervene or provoked directly by another country. Expansion and growth may have signaled a new era, but not everything associated with this time period can be thought of as a positive part of the history of the United States. The War of 1812 was an event which helped the United States organize its military power, taught the country how to wage war successfully, and allowed the United States to claim its position as the dominant nation in the Western Hemisphere.
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