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There is no standard definition of primary HIV infection. However, reporting primary HIV infection, where recognized and documented, is useful and should be encouraged. The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are expected to develop a case definition for reporting primary HIV infection. Primary HIV infection can be recognized in infants, children, adolescents and adults; it can be asymptomatic or be associated with features of an acute retroviral syndrome of variable severity [16-21]. Primary infection usually presents as an acute febrile illness 2–4 weeks postexposure, often with lymphadenopathy, pharyngitis, maculopapular rash, orogenital ulcers and meningoencephalitis. Profound transient lymphopaenia (including low CD4) can develop, and opportunistic infections may occur, but these infections should not be confused with clinical staging events developing in established HIV infection. Primary HIV infection can be identified by recent appearance of HIV antibody or by identifying viral products (HIV-RNA or HIV-DNA and/or ultrasensitive HIV p24 antigen) with negative (or weakly reactive) HIV antibody.