Fish are aquatic vertebrate animals that have gills but lack limbs with digits, like fingers or toes. Recall that vertebrates are animals with internal backbones. Most fish are streamlined in their general body form.

If you have two fish, it means you have two individual fish that are the same species, but if you have two fishes, it means you have two individual fish of different species. For example, 1 convict tang is a fish, 2 convict tangs are 2 fish, and a group of 20 convict tangs are still 20 fish (Fig. 4.2). However, a convict tang together with a moray eel would be 2 fishes (Fig. 4.3).


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Defining a fish is difficult because the term fish includes a very wide range of aquatic animals. In fact, there are about as many species of fishes than there are of all other vertebrates combined (Fig. 4.4). Of the nearly 50,000 species of animals with backbones, approximately 4,500 are mammals, 9,700 are birds, 6,500 are reptiles, 4,000 are amphibians, and 25,000 are fishes. Although these numbers change as new species are discovered, new fishes are found more often than other new vertebrates are found. As scientists make new discoveries, it is expected that the number of species of fishes will outnumber other vertebrates even more.

Fishes also range in size from very small, like the tiny cyprinid in Indonesia, which grows to a maximum length of 10 mm (Fig. 4.5 A) to the large whale shark Rhincodon typus, which reaches 12 meters (Fig. 4.5 B), with thier skeletons showing great variety in size, composition, and structure (Fig. 4.6). Fishes have a wide range of diets, including plankton, algae, fish, seals, and turtles. Some fishes are parasites, some are blind, some are venomous, and some can even produce electricity. With all of this amazing diversity, it is challenging to make a definition that describes all fishes.

Fig. 4.6. A sample of fish skeletons displayed at the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C. shows the diversity of fish skeletons, from a jawless hagfish (upper left), to a bat ray (bottom left), to a shark jaw (middle), to a flounder flat fish (upper right), to a bill fish and other ray finned fishes (lower right).

Scientists do not always agree on what a fish is. In fact, some early scientists thought that whales and dolphins were fish. Even now, not all scientists agree on whether the hagfish should be classified as a fish.

Most fish are poikilothermic, but some fish, like tunas and lamind sharks, use special blood vessel networks to keep their body temperature warmer than the surrounding water. This helps them to be better hunters.

Living in the water, either seawater or freshwater. Some fishes like lungfish or mudskippers may be able to spend some time out of the water, but they cannot remain permanently out of the water, and they are confined to wet areas.

Animals with notochords. A notochord is a stiff rod of cartilage that supports the nerve cord. Chordates have some other features in common, like gill slits, and a dorsal nerve cord. Mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish are all chordates, a few invertebrates are chordates too.

This advice can help those who might become or are pregnant or breastfeeding as well as parents and caregivers who are feeding children make informed choices when it comes to the types of fish that are nutritious and safe to eat. This advice supports the recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans.

The advice features a chart that makes it easy to choose dozens of healthy and safe options and includes information about the nutritional value of fish. A set of frequently asked questions & answers provides more information on how to use the chart and additional tips for eating fish.

A healthy eating pattern consists of choices across all food groups (vegetables, fruits, grains, dairy, and protein foods, which includes fish), eaten in recommended amounts, and within calorie needs. Healthy eating patterns include foods that provide vitamins, minerals, and other health-promoting components and have no or little added sugars, saturated fat, and sodium.

Healthy eating patterns that include fish may have other benefits too. Moderate scientific evidence shows that eating patterns relatively higher in fish but also in other foods, including vegetables, fruits, legumes, whole grains, low- or non-fat dairy, lean meats and poultry, nuts, and unsaturated vegetable oils, and lower in red and processed meats, sugar-sweetened foods and beverages, and refined grains are associated with:

Fish passage is the ability of fish or other aquatic species to move through an aquatic system among all habitats necessary to complete their life cycle. The National Fish Passage Program opens up aquatic travel routes that have been blocked or fragmented. 

The National Fish Passage Program combines expertise in fish migration and biology with specialized engineering experience. A network of regional coordinators assists communities, Tribes, and private landowners with projects on small creeks, big dams, and everything in between. Fish passage project proposals can be initiated by any individual, organization, government, or agency. However, proposals must be submitted and completed in cooperation with a Fish and Wildlife Conservation Office.

Keep up-to-date with saltwater and freshwater fishing regulations by using the Fish Rules App. Look for it in the App Store and Google Play for iOS and Android. Enable Location Services to see site-specific regulations for your location. Learn more.

The survival of many fish species depends on migrations up and down rivers. Among anadromous fish such as salmon, shad, and sturgeon, downstream migration is a feature of early life stages, while upstream migration is a feature of adult life. Among catadromous, like the North American eel, the opposite is true. River obstructions such as dams, culverts, and waterfalls have the potential to slow or stop fish migration. Indeed, these impediments to fish migration are often implicated in the decline of certain fish stocks.

A fish ladder, also known as a fishway, provides a detour route for migrating fish past a particular obstruction on the river. Designs vary depending on the obstruction, river flow, and species of fish affected, but the general principle is the same for all fish ladders: the ladder contains a series of ascending pools that are reached by swimming against a stream of water. Fish leap through the cascade of rushing water, rest in a pool, and then repeat the process until they are out of the ladder.

Fish can be caught in oceans, lakes, rivers, and certain underground locations. Most fish can be caught with a fishing pole. The others require crab pots to catch. Some fish spawn only at certain times of the day, during certain seasons, or during certain weather. Upon catching a fish, the name of the fish and its length are displayed. Players can keep track of how many fish they've caught and their record lengths in their Collections menu. Fish can be used as ingredients in cooking and are required to restore the Fish Tank in the Community Center.

While players can fish near any body of water, some places have lower rates of success. These areas are more likely to produce trash, most of which can be turned into useful items using the Recycling Machine which unlocks at fishing level 4.

Whenever a fish is hooked, a minigame which allows the player to catch it is triggered. In this minigame, a fish-like icon moves up and down inside a vertical space. The player controls a green bar, which ascends while the left mouse button is pressed and drops while it's not. The green bar bounces when it reaches the bottom boundary of the minigame unless a Lead Bobber is equipped.

If the player catches a fish without letting it slip out the green area once, the catch is considered "perfect", and that word is displayed above the minigame. Perfection increases the fish quality provided the fish was at least silver quality initially: silver quality fish become gold quality and gold quality fish become iridium quality. It also increases fishing experience by a multiplicative factor of 2.4.

It's only possible to know what fish is hooked after it's caught, as the minigame shows no information about the specimen. The player can, however, deduce it by observing its behavior and knowing the circumstances under which the fish was hooked, such as season, time, weather, and location. The only exception is with legendary fish, which can be seen wearing an orange crown in the fishing minigame.

Upon catching a fish, the name of the fish and its size are displayed. If the player got a new record length for the fish, an animation saying "New record!" is shown. Upon catching a legendary fish, a message saying "You've caught one of the legendary fish." is shown.

In addition to the 3 fish listed above, Sea Cucumber, Super Cucumber, Octopus, and Seaweed can be caught in the submarine. There is also a 0.4% chance (0.9% if using a Curiosity Lure) of catching a Pearl.

There are five fish in the game classified as "legendary". These fish are caught in specific places and have a high difficulty. These fish are shown wearing a crown during the fishing minigame. Legendary fish can only be caught once per save file, or once per player in Multiplayer.

The high difficulty of these fish makes catching them challenging. Higher fishing skills than required just to hook the fish may be necessary, especially from food bonuses (e.g., from Seafoam Pudding). Having the Iridium Rod and using a Tackle such as the Trap Bobber or Cork Bobber can also help. Ultimately, catching these fish can depend more on luck than on good reactions. Simply try again and again until the fish doesn't move too fiercely.

There are five legendary fish II that can be caught during Qi's Extended Family quest. They are caught in the same locations and have the same difficulties as the older generation of fish. Note that the fishing bar is the standard fish bar and not distinctly marked as it is with the original legendary fish. In addition, unlike the original legendary fish, it is possible to catch these fish more than once. be457b7860

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