Ion-exchange membrane
Monopolar membrane (MPM)
Pore-filled anion-exchange membranes for efficient energy harvesting
PPy and PPy/rGO layers introduced on the membrane surface did not significantly increase the electrical resistance of the membrane and could effectively control surface characteristics, such as structural tightness, hydrophilicity, and electrostatic repulsion
Ion-exchange membranes modified with 2-D/3-D nanomaterials
MOF, which was introduced as a material constituting the selectivity layer of the composite membrane, was able to improve ion selectivity and had excellent stability due to the strong bonding of the material
Heterogeneous ion-exchange membranes with enhanced ion conductivity
Heterogeneous AEMs were fabricated using a charged polymer as a binder
Fabricated ion exchange membrane shows excellent ion removal rate in CEDI
Surface-modified anion-exchange membranes for excellent proton blocking and ion conductivity
Protons are transported through the AEM by a “vehicle transport” mechanism assisted by Grotthuss and water molecules. Because protons have small ion sizes and high mobility, they easily pass through AEM, reducing the performance of the process
Bipolar membrane (BPM)
Applications
Reverse electrodialysis (RED)
Redox flow battery (RFB)
Bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED)
Membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI)
Continuous electrodeionization (CEDI)
Acid-base flow battery (ABFB)
Anion-exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE)
Direct seawater electrolysis (DSWD)