PPy and PPy/rGO layers introduced on the membrane surface did not significantly increase the electrical resistance of the membrane and could effectively control surface characteristics, such as structural tightness, hydrophilicity, and electrostatic repulsion 

MOF, which was introduced as a material constituting the selectivity layer of the composite membrane, was able to improve ion selectivity and had excellent stability due to the strong bonding of the material

Heterogeneous AEMs were fabricated using a charged polymer as a binder 

Fabricated ion exchange membrane shows excellent ion removal rate in CEDI

Protons are transported through the AEM by a “vehicle transport” mechanism assisted by Grotthuss and water molecules. Because protons have small ion sizes and high mobility, they easily pass through AEM, reducing the performance of the process