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Snakes and ladders is a board game for two or more players regarded today as a worldwide classic.[1] The game originated in ancient India as Moksha Patam, and was brought to the UK in the 1890s. It is played on a game board with numbered, gridded squares. A number of "ladders" and "snakes" are pictured on the board, each connecting two specific board squares. The object of the game is to navigate one's game piece, according to die rolls, from the start (bottom square) to the finish (top square), helped by climbing ladders but hindered by falling down snakes.

The game is a simple race based on sheer luck, and it is popular with young children.[2] The historic version had its roots in morality lessons, on which a player's progression up the board represented a life journey complicated by virtues (ladders) and vices (snakes). The game is also sold under other names such as the morality-themed Chutes and Ladders which was published by the Milton Bradley Company starting from 1943.

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The size of the grid varies, but is most commonly 88, 1010 or 1212 squares. Boards have snakes and ladders starting and ending on different squares; both factors affect the duration of play. Each player is represented by a distinct game piece token. A single die is rolled to determine random movement of a player's token in the traditional form of play; two dice may be used for a shorter game.

Snakes and ladders originated as part of a family of Indian dice board games that included gyan chauper and pachisi (known in English as Ludo and Parcheesi). It made its way to England and was sold as "Snakes and Ladders",[3] then the basic concept was introduced in the United States as Chutes and Ladders.[4]

The game was popular in ancient India by the name Moksha Patam. It was also associated with traditional Hindu philosophy contrasting karma and kama, or destiny and desire. It emphasized destiny, as opposed to games such as pachisi, which focused on life as a mixture of skill (free will)[5] and luck. The underlying ideals of the game inspired a version introduced in Victorian England in 1892. The game has also been interpreted and used as a tool for teaching the effects of good deeds versus bad. The board was covered with symbolic images used in ancient India, the top featuring gods, angels, and majestic beings, while the rest of the board was covered with pictures of animals, flowers and people.[6] The ladders represented virtues such as generosity, faith, and humility, while the snakes represented vices such as lust, anger, murder, and theft. The morality lesson of the game was that a person can attain liberation (Moksha) through doing good, whereas by doing evil one will be reborn as lower forms of life. The number of ladders was fewer than the number of snakes as a reminder that a path of good is much more difficult to tread than a path of sins. Presumably, reaching the last square (number 100) represented the attainment of Moksha (spiritual liberation).

When the game was brought to England, the Indian virtues and vices were replaced by English ones in hopes of better reflecting Victorian doctrines of morality. Squares of Fulfilment, Grace and Success were accessible by ladders of Thrift, Penitence and Industry and snakes of Indulgence, Disobedience and Indolence caused one to end up in Illness, Disgrace and Poverty. While the Indian version of the game had snakes outnumbering ladders, the English counterpart was more forgiving as it contained equal numbers of each.[9]

The association of Britain's snakes and ladders with India and gyan chauper began with the returning of colonial families from India during the British Raj. The dcor and art of the early English boards of the 20th century reflect this relationship. By the 1940s very few pictorial references to Indian culture remained, due to the economic demands of the war and the collapse of British rule in India.[10] Although the game's sense of morality has lasted through the game's generations, the physical allusions to religious and philosophical thought in the game as presented in Indian models appear to have all but faded. There has even been evidence of a possible Buddhist version of the game existing in India during the Pala-Sena time period.

The most widely known edition of snakes and ladders in the United States is Chutes and Ladders, released by Milton Bradley in 1943.[14] The playground setting replaced the snakes, which were thought to be disliked by children at the time.[14] It is played on a 10x10 board, and players advance their pieces according to a spinner rather than a die. The theme of the board design is playground equipment, showing children climbing ladders and descending chutes.

The artwork on the board teaches morality lessons: squares on the bottom of the ladders show a child doing a good or sensible deed, at the top of the ladder there is an image of the child enjoying the reward; squares at the top of the chutes show children engaging in mischievous or foolish behavior, on the bottom of the chute the image shows the children suffering the consequences.

In Canada the game has been traditionally sold as "Snakes and Ladders" and produced by the Canada Games Company. Several Canada-specific versions have been produced over the years, including a version with toboggan runs instead of snakes.[15]

Even though the concept of major virtues against vices and related Eastern spiritualism is not much emphasized in modern incarnations of the game, the central mechanism of snakes and ladders makes it an effective tool for teaching young children about various subjects. In two separate Indonesian schools, the implementation of the game as media in English lessons of fifth graders not only improved the students' vocabulary but also stimulated their interest and excitement about the learning process.[17][18] Researchers from Carnegie Mellon University found that pre-schoolers from low income backgrounds who played an hour of numerical board games like snakes and ladders matched the performance of their middle-class counterparts by showing improvements in counting and recognizing number shapes.[19] An eco-inspired version of the game was also used to teach students and teachers about climate change and environmental sustainability.[20]

Any version of snakes and ladders can be represented exactly as an absorbing Markov chain, since from any square the odds of moving to any other square are fixed and independent of any previous game history.[24] The Milton Bradley version of Chutes and Ladders has 100 squares, with 19 chutes and ladders. A player will need an average of 39.2 spins to move from the starting point, which is off the board, to square 100. A two-player game is expected to end in 47.76 moves with a 50.9% chance of winning for the first player.[25] These calculations are based on a variant where throwing a six does not lead to an additional roll; and where the player must roll the exact number to reach square 100 and if they overshoot it their counter does not move.

All games have morals; and the game of Snakes and Ladders captures, as no other activity can hope to do, the eternal truth that for every ladder you hope to climb, a snake is waiting just around the corner, and for every snake a ladder will compensate. But it's more than that; no mere carrot-and-stick affair; because implicit in the game is unchanging twoness of things, the duality of up against down, good against evil; the solid rationality of ladders balances the occult sinuosities of the serpent; in the opposition of staircase and cobra we can see, metaphorically, all conceivable oppositions, Alpha against Omega, father against mother.[28]

This game also includes Chutes and Ladders. This is the same game but instead, there are chutes instead of snakes. This is a great kid-friendly version of the game and is the most popular version in the US.

We quickly brainstormed a number of options, from the simple (e.g. allowing players to choose to move forwards or backwards, possibly declaring it before they roll, possibly declaring it after), to the complex (somehow allowing players to move the actual snakes and ladders on the board).

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Include Braille Rules on How to Play Snakes and Ladders for $5.00? Continue Shopping Product Features Product DescriptionHow to Play Snakes and LaddersAsk a Question?Product FeaturesPlaying board and pieces are made of solid wood. Tactile snakes and ladders are carved deep into the playing surface. A durable game that's easy for young fingers to feel. Playing pieces are different shapes for easy identification by touch. The 15-inch board folds for easy storage. Measures about 13 in by 13 in. Package Weight: about 3.1 pounds.Product DescriptionNow this is the way Snakes and Ladders was meant to be played! Our version starts out with a solid wood board, measuring a full fifteen inches square. The game incorporates an ingenious folding design, which provides a built-in lid and ultimate portability. The hand-carved, all-wood playing pieces fit snugly into the matching board. And a set of wooden, tactile dice are always included to round out the set! Snakes and Ladders has never been more fun to play, for blind and sighted kids and parents alike! First, the board itself is stunning, with etched tactile relief for each hole, ladders with steps that can actually be felt, and snakes that even young players can easily follow with their fingers as they curve down towards the bottom of the board. The wooden playing pieces themselves are all different shapes (a square, a circle, an octagon, and a cone) so everyone will know which man is theirs. Each piece measures three-quarters of an inch in diameter and the same in height, so little fingers have no trouble moving them along to the next hole. If you happen to land in a circle with a ladder above it, you get to "climb" up to the spot it finishes at. Of course, if you come to rest in a circle that begins a long, deadly snake, you "fall" down a few spots. After seeing some other so-called adapted Snakes and Ladders games out there, we've taken great care to insure everyone can play this marvelous game. That's why the 8-by-8 board is well over a foot square, giving an inch and a half between men if they're side by side. This also gives us plenty of room to carve out the snakes and ladders with intricate detail, so there's no confusion where they start and end. This game is attractive, durable, and portable. Perhaps best of all, however, it's guaranteed fun - for every one!How to Play Snakes and LaddersDirections courtesy of Future Aids, The Braille Superstore.Snakes and Ladders is a great favorite among young children. It is based on an ancient Hindu game, and as such has been played for centuries across the globe. Ages: 4 and up.

Players: 2-6

Object: To be the first player to reach the end of the board (square 100) with an exact throw. First, each player chooses a piece and places it next to (but not on) the starting square (Number 1). Players take turns throwing the die, seeking a roll of 6 so they can begin the game. Each player must throw a six before he can start. Once he throws a six, he throws again and moves the number of squares shown on his second throw. This is the only time a player can throw the die twice on his turn. If a piece lands on a square at the bottom of a ladder, the player moves her counter to the top of the ladder and continues her next turn from there. If a piece lands on a square at the head of a snake, the player moves her piece to the tail of the snake and continues her next turn from there. If you land on a square already occupied by another player's counter, you must move back to the square 1 (START) but you do not need to throw a six again. This rule only applies to your final resting square each turn - you can jump over other counters on the way through. To finish the game, you must land exactly on the square 100 (END). For example, if you are on square 97 and throw a five, you move 3 squares to 100, then back two squares to 98. (You would need to throw a two next time to finish.) Snakes and Ladders boards often have the head of a snake on square 96, 97 or 98 to make it harder to finish. Ask a Question About this Product(From the Board Games shelf.)Related Products: Racing Crown (Tactile) Avoid Holes and Be First Across the Finish Line Item Number: 1163 $11.95 Tell Me More Shut the Box (Brailled) Easy Math Game, Great for Players of all Ages Item Number: 1162 $24.95 Tell Me More e24fc04721