The most effective treatments for cancer are surgical resection of the abnormal tissue followed by radiation and chemotherapy or a combination of them. However, deciding the extent of the tumour area to resect or treat is a challenging task. Overestimating the tumour size can result in side effects during treatment such as loss of memory or cognitive function if the tumour is in the brain, whereas underestimating it can lead to tumour regrowth and may leave patients more susceptible to secondary tumours (metastasis).