Publications
Peer Reviewed Articles
H Fallahi, S Yadav, HP Phan, H T Ta, J Zhang, N-T Nguyen, "Size-tuneable isolation of cancer cells using stretchable inertial microfluidics, " Lab on a Chip, 2021.
Abstract: Inertial microfluidics is a simple, low cost, efficient size-based separation technique which is being widely investigated for rare-cell isolation and detection. Due to the fixed geometrical dimensions of the current rigid inertial microfluidic systems, most of them are only capable of isolating and separating cells with certain types and sizes. Herein, we report the design, fabrication, and validation of a stretchable inertial microfluidic device with a tuneable separation threshold that can be used for heterogenous mixtures of particles and cells. Stretchability allows for the fine-tuning of the critical sorting size, resulting in a high separation resolution that makes the separation of cells with small size differences possible. We validated the tunability of the separation threshold by stretching the length of a microchannel to separate the particle sizes of interest. We also evaluated the focusing efficiency, flow behaviour, and the positions of cancer cells and white blood cells (WBCs) in an elongated channel, separately. In addition, the performance of the device was verified by isolating cancer cells from WBCs which revealed a high recovery rate and purity. The stretchable chip showed promising results in the separation of cells with comparable sizes. Further validation of the chip using whole blood spiked with cancer cells delivered a 98.6% recovery rate with 90% purity. Elongating a stretchable microfluidic chip enables onsite modification of the dimensions of a microchannel leading to a precise tunability of the separation threshold as well as a high separation resolution.
NK Nguyen, T Nguyen, T Nguyen, S Yadav, T Dinh, M K Masud, P Singha, T N Do, M J Barton, H T Ta, N Kashaninejad, C H Ooi, N-T Nguyen, H-P Phan, "Wide-Band-Gap Semiconductors for Biointegrated Electronics: Recent Advances and Future Directions, " ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. 3, 5, 1959–1981,2021.
Abstract: Wearable and implantable bioelectronics have experienced remarkable progress over the last decades. Bioelectronic devices provide seamless integration between electronics and biological tissue, offering unique functions for healthcare applications such as real-time and online monitoring and stimulation. Organic semiconductors and silicon-based flexible electronics have been dominantly used as materials for wearable and implantable devices. However, inherent drawbacks such as low electronic mobility, particularly in organic materials, instability, and narrow band gaps mainly limit their full potential for optogenetics and implantable applications. In this context, wide-band-gap (WBG) materials with excellent electrical and mechanical properties have emerged as promising candidates for flexible electronics. With a significant piezoelectric effect, direct band gap and optical transparency, and chemical inertness, these materials are expected to have practical applications in many sectors such as energy harvesting, optoelectronics, or electronic devices, where lasting and stable operation is highly desired. Recent advances in micro/nanomachining processes and synthesis methods for WBG materials led to their possible use in soft electronics. Considering the importance of WBG materials in this fast-growing field, the present paper provides a comprehensive Review on the most common WBG materials, including zinc oxide (ZnO) for II–VI compounds, gallium nitride (GaN) for III–V compounds, and silicon carbide (SiC) for IV–IV compounds. We first discuss the fundamental physical and chemical characteristics of these materials and their advantages for biosensing applications. We then summarize the fabrication techniques of wide-band-gap semiconductors, including how these materials can be transferred from rigid to stretchable and flexible substrates. Next, we provide a snapshot of the recent development of flexible WBG materials-based wearable and implantable devices. Finally, we conclude with perspectives on future research direction.
N Kashaninejad, M Ahmed, H Moghadas, S Yadav, M Umer, N-T Nguyen, "Microneedle Arrays for Sampling and Sensing Dermal Interstitial Fluid," Chemosensors, 9, 83, 2021.
Abstract: Dermal interstitial fluid (ISF) is a novel source of biomarkers that can be considered as an alternative to blood sampling for disease diagnosis and treatment. Nevertheless, in vivo extraction and analysis of ISF are challenging. On the other hand, microneedle (MN) technology can address most of the challenges associated with dermal ISF extraction and is well suited for long-term, continuous ISF monitoring as well as in situ detection. In this review, we first briefly summarise the different dermal ISF collection methods and compare them with MN methods. Next, we elaborate on the design considerations and biocompatibility of MNs. Subsequently, the fabrication technologies of various MNs used for dermal ISF extraction, including solid MNs, hollow MNs, porous MNs, and hydrogel MNs, are thoroughly explained. In addition, different sensing mechanisms of ISF detection are discussed in detail. Subsequently, we identify the challenges and propose the possible solutions associated with ISF extraction. A detailed investigation is provided for the transport and sampling mechanism of ISF in vivo. Also, the current in vitro skin model integrated with the MN arrays is discussed. Finally, future directions to develop a point-of-care (POC) device to sample ISF are proposed.
S Yadav, H T Ta, N-T Nguyen, "Mechanobiology in Cardiology: Micro- and Nanotechnologies to Probe Mechanosignaling, " View, 1-7,2021.
This article has been selected for frontispiece of View
Abstract: The past few decades have shown significant growth in the study of mechanical effects on cellular properties. Novel methods and techniques had been developed to analyze the changes in the biophysical and biomechanical properties of cells. Recently, it has been reported that interaction between the external environment and cardiomyocytes would be essential for the function of the heart due to the importance of mechanical signaling. Physical forces play a major role in the development of cardiovascular disease. In this mini review, we discuss recent advances in technology for probing mechanobiology signals from the cardiac tissue and focus on the unmet needs and challenges to completely understand the mechanobiology of cardiac tissues.
S Yadav, N Kashaninejad, NT Nguyen, "RhoA and Rac1 in Liver Cancer Cells: Induction of Overexpression Using Mechanical Stimulation," Micromachines, 11 (8), 729, 2020.
Abstract: Liver cancer, especially hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is an aggressive disease with an extremely high mortality rate. Unfortunately, no promising markers are currently available for the early diagnosis of this disease. Thus, a reliable biomarker reflecting the early behaviour of the tumour will be valuable for diagnosis and treatment. The Ras homologous (Rho) GTPases, which belong to the small guanosine triphosphate (GTP) binding proteins, have been reported to play an important role in mediating liver cancer based on their important function in cytoskeletal reorganisation. These proteins can be either oncogenic or tumour suppressors. They are also associated with the acquirement of malignant features by cancer cells. The overexpression of RhoA and Rac1, members of the Rho GTPases, have been linked with carcinogenesis and the progression of different types of cancer. In the quest of elucidating the role of mechanical stimulation in the mechanobiology of liver cancer cells, this paper evaluates the effect of stretching on the expression levels of RhoA and Rac1 in different types of liver cancers. It is shown that that stretching liver cancer cells significantly increases the expression levels of RhoA and Rac1 in HCC and cholangiocarcinoma cell lines. We hypothesise that this relatively simple and sensitive method could be helpful for screening biological features and provide suitable treatment guidance for liver cancer patients.
T.-A. Pham, T.-K. Nguyen, R.K. Vadivelu, T. Dinh, A. Qamar, S Yadav, Y. Yamauchi, J.A. Rogers, N.-T. Nguyen, H.-P. Phan, "A Versatile Sacrificial Layer for Transfer Printing of Wide Bandgap Materials for Implantable and Stretchable Bioelectronics,: Adv. Funct. Mater., 30, 2004655, 2020.
Abstract: Improving and optimizing the processes for transfer printing have the potential to further enhance capabilities in heterogeneous integration of various sensing materials on unconventional substrates for implantable and stretchable electronic devices in biosensing, diagnostics, and therapeutic applications. An advanced transfer printing method based on sacrificial layer engineering for silicon carbide materials in stretchable electronic devices is presented here. In contrast to the typical processes where defined anchor structures are required for the transfer step, the use of a sacrificial layer offers enhances versatility in releasing complex microstructures from rigid donor substrates to flexible receiver platforms. The sacrificial layer also minimizes twisting and wrinkling issues that may occur in free-standing microstructures, thereby facilitating printing onto flat polymer surfaces (e.g., polydimethylsiloxane). The experimental results demonstrate that transferred SiC microstructures exhibit good stretchability, stable electrical properties, excellent biocompatibility, as well as promising sensing-functions associated with a high level of structural perfection, without any cracks or tears. This transfer printing method can be applied to other classes of wide bandgap semiconductors, particularly group III-nitrides and diamond films epitaxially grown on Si substrates, thereby serving as the foundation for the development and possible commercialization of implantable and stretchable bioelectronic devices that exploit wide bandgap materials.
S Yadav, M J Barton, N-T Nguyen, "Stretching induces overexpression of RhoA and Rac1 GTPases in breast cancer cells," Advanced Biosystem, 90022, 2020.
*This article has been selected for back cover page of the journal
Abstract: Rho GTPases are well known for regulating cell morphology and intracellular interactions. They can either be oncogenic or tumor suppressors. However, these proteins are associated with the acquirement of malignant features by cancer cells. It has been reported that the overexpression of protein markers of Rho family members such as RhoA and Rac1 is linked with carcinogenesis and the progression of a variety of human tumors. In this paper, the expression of RhoA and Rac1 activity in various types of breast cancers cell lines is evaluated. These cells are preconditioned by mechanically stretching them to simulate the extracellular physical forces placed upon on cancer cells. It is observed that stretching the cancer cells induces significantly higher expression of RhoA and Rac1 markers when compared to non-stretched cells and stretched control cells in vitro. This stretching strategy helps to detect and quantify the signal when it is too weak to be detected. Furthermore, stretching enhances the assay by leading to overexpression of markers and makes the assay more sensitive. It is hypothesized that this inexpensive and relatively sensitive assay can potentially aid in the development of a diagnostic tool for cancer screening.
S Yadav, N Kashaninejad, M K Masud, Y Yamauchi, N-T Nguyen, M J A Shiddiky "Autoantibodies as diagnostic and prognostic cancer biomarker: Detection techniques and approaches," Biosensor and Bioelectronics, 139, 111315, 2019.
Abstract: Autoantibodies produced by the patients’ own immune systems in response to foreign substances are emerging as an attractive biomarker for early detection of cancer. These serum immunobiomarkers are produced in large quantities despite the presence of very less amount of the corresponding antigens, and thus presenting themselves as a novel class of stable and minimally invasive disease biomarkers especially for cancer diagnosis. Although a plethora of research, including conventional molecular biology-based as well as cutting-edge optical and electrochemical strategies (biosensor), have been conducted to detect autoantibodies, most of these strategies are yet to be readily applicable in the off-laboratory settings at clinics. Herein, we detail the biogenesis, diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic potential of autoantibodies as cancer biomarkers. With the particular emphasis on cutting-edge advances in electrochemistry, optical (surface plasmon resonance) and microfluidics techniques, this review entrusts the unmet needs and challenges of autoantibody detection approaches and provides a future perspective of the presented strategies. We believe this review can potentially guide the researchers towards the development of robust, reliable and sensitive detection strategies for tumor-associated autoantibodies and translation of these biomarkers to real clinical settings for diagnosis and prognosis of cancer.
S Yadav, R Vadivelu, M Ahmed, M J Barton, N-T Nguyen "Stretching cells–An approach for early cancer diagnosis," Experimental cell Research, 378, 191-197, 2019.
Abstract: Cells express multiple biophysical cues during migration, differentiation, and transformation. Probing and quantifying these biophysical cues could serve as a diagnostic tool for differentiating healthy with neoplastic cells. These biophysical cues may be utilized for diagnostic screening in cancer, as the tumor cells interact with the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). Stress and strain induced by the cancer cells and applied to the cancer cells have effects in cancer progression due to its influence in cell migration. It was reported that the introduction of compressive forces on cancerous cells triggers them to undergo apoptosis. In this report, we evaluated the effects of stretching forces on cancer cells by morphological analyses. We observed that cancer cells decrease their roundness (as determined by perimeter: area); increase their length and form filopodia in the initial stretching cycle. However, due to the increasing rigidity of the cells, they undergo apoptosis in later stretching cycles. These morphological changes were unique to breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cells compared to the non-cancerous control. Elucidating and quantifying these morphological changes is potentially an early cancer diagnostic tool that may predict the propensity of the cancerous cells undergoing a metastatic transformation.
S Yadav, M J Barton, N-T Nguyen, "Biophysical properties of cells for cancer diagnosis," Journal of Biomechanics, 86, 1-7,2019.
*This article has been highlighted on the homepage of the Journal
Abstract: Biophysical properties associated with the microenvironment of a tumor has been recognized as an important modulator for cell behaviour and function. Particularly, tissue rigidity is important during tumor carcinogenesis as it affects the tumor’s ability to metastasis. Multiple downstream pathways are affected with a difference in rigidity of the extracellular matrix. The insight into tumor mechanosignalling represents a promising field that may lead to novel approaches for cancer diagnostics. Measurement of rigidity of the extracellular matrix or the tissue is a potential diagnostics approach for cancer detection. Altered extracellular matrix states persist for a long period of time and have lower heterogeneity compared to protein or genetic markers, therefore are more reliable as biomarkers. On the other hand, measurement of different kinase associated proteins or transcripts provide an early insight into potential transition of cells towards metastasis. Co-localization of transcriptional factors like YAP/TAZ provide an insight to determine if the cells are undergoing metastatic changes. This review explains the unique biophysical properties of the tumor microenvironment that present the potential targets for the diagnosis of cancer.
S Yadav, M K Masud, Md. N Islam, V Gopalan, A K Lam, S Tanaka, N-T Nguyen, Md. S A Hossain, C Li, Y Yamauchi, M J. A. Shiddiky, "Gold-Loaded Nanoporous Iron Oxide Nanocubes: A Novel Dispersible Capture Agent for Tumor-Associated Autoantibodies Analysis in Serum," Nanoscale, 9, 13829-13829,2017.
Abstract: Autoantibodies are produced against tumor associated antigens (TAAs) long before the appearance of any symptoms and thus can serve as promising, non-invasive biomarkers for early diagnosis of cancer. Current conventional methods for autoantibody detection are highly invasive and mostly provide diagnosis in the later stages of cancer. Herein we report a new electrochemical method for early detection of p53 autoantibodies against colon cancer using a strategy that combines the strength of gold-loaded nanoporous iron oxide nanocube (Au@NPFe2O3NC)-based capture and purification while incorporating the inherent simplicity, inexpensive, and portable nature of the electrochemical and naked-eye colorimetric readouts. After the functionalisation of Au@NPFe2O3NC with p53 antigens, our method utilises a two-step strategy that involves (i) magnetic capture and isolation of autoantibodies using p53/Au@NPFe2O3NC as ‘dispersible nanocapture agents’ in serum samples and (ii) subsequent detection of autoantibodies through a peroxidase-catalyzed reaction on a commercially available disposable screen-printed electrode or naked-eye detection in an Eppendorf tube. This method has demonstrated a good sensitivity (LOD = 0.02 U mL−1) and reproducibility (relative standard deviation, %RSD = <5%, for n = 3) for detecting p53 autoantibodies in serum and has also been successfully applied to analyse a small cohort of clinical samples obtained from colorectal cancer. We believe that the highly inexpensive, rapid, sensitive, and specific nature of our assay could potentially aid in the development of an early diagnostic tool for cancer and related diseases.
M K Masud, S Yadav, Md N Islam, N-T Nguyen, C Salomon, R Kline, H R Alamri, Z A Alothman, Y Yamauchi, Md S A Hossain, M J A Shiddiky, "Gold-loaded nanoporous ferric oxide nanocubes with peroxidase-mimicking activity for electrocatalytic and colorimetric detection of autoantibody," Analytical Chemistry, 89, 11005-11013, 2017.
Abstract: The enzyme-mimicking activity of iron oxide based nanostructures has provided a significant advantage in developing advanced molecular sensors for biomedical and environmental applications. Herein, we introduce the horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-like activity of gold-loaded nanoporous ferric oxide nanocubes (Au–NPFe2O3NC) for the development of a molecular sensor with enhanced electrocatalytic and colorimetric (naked eye) detection of autoantibodies. The results showed that Au–NPFe2O3NC exhibits enhanced peroxidase-like activity toward the catalytic oxidation of 3,3′,5,5′-tertamethylbenzidine (TMB) in the presence of H2O2 at room temperature (25 °C) and follows the typical Michaelis–Menten kinetics. The autoantibody sensor based on this intrinsic property of Au–NPFe2O3NC resulted in excellent detection sensitivity [limit of detection (LOD) = 0.08 U/mL] and reproducibility [percent relative standard deviation (% RSD) = <5% for n = 3] for analyzing p53-specific autoantibodies using electrochemical and colorimetric (naked eye) readouts. The clinical applicability of the sensor has been tested in detecting p53-specific autoantibody in plasma obtained from patients with epithelial ovarian cancer high-grade serous subtype (EOCHGS, number of samples = 2) and controls (benign, number of samples = 2). As Au–NPFe2O3NC possess high peroxidase-like activity for the oxidation of TMB in the presence of H2O2 [TMB is a common chromogenic substrate for HRP in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs)], we envisage that our assay could find a wide range of application in developing ELISA-based sensing approaches in the fields of medicine (i.e., detection of other biomarkers the same as p53 autoantibody), biotechnology, and environmental sciences.
Md N Islam, S Yadav, Md H Haque, M Ahmed, F Islam, Md S Al Hossain, V Gopalan, A K Lam, N-T Nguyen, M J A Shiddiky, "Optical biosensing strategies for DNA methylation analysis," Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 92, 668-678, 2017.
Abstract: DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification of DNA, where a methyl group is added at the fifth carbon of the cytosine base to form 5 methyl cytosine (5mC) without altering the DNA sequences. It plays important roles in regulating many cellular processes by modulating key genes expression. Alteration in DNA methylation patterns becomes particularly important in the aetiology of different diseases including cancers. Abnormal methylation pattern could contribute to the pathogenesis of cancer either by silencing key tumor suppressor genes or by activating oncogenes. Thus, DNA methylation biosensing can help in the better understanding of cancer prognosis and diagnosis and aid the development of therapies. Over the last few decades, a plethora of optical detection techniques have been developed for analyzing DNA methylation using fluorescence, Raman spectroscopy, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), electrochemiluminescence and colorimetric readouts. This paper aims to comprehensively review the optical strategies for DNA methylation detection. We also present an overview of the remaining challenges of optical strategies that still need to be focused along with the lesson learnt while working with these techniques.
H Haque, V Gopalan, S Yadav, Md N Islam, E Eftekhari, Q Li, L G. Carrascosa, N-T Nguyen, A K. Lam, M J.A. Shiddiky, "Detection of Regional DNA Methylation Using DNA-Graphene Affinity Interactions," Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 87, 615-621, 2017.
Abstract: We report a new method for the detection of regional DNA methylation using base-dependent affinity interaction (i.e., adsorption) of DNA with graphene. Due to the strongest adsorption affinity of guanine bases towards graphene, bisulfite-treated guanine-enriched methylated DNA leads to a larger amount of the adsorbed DNA on the graphene-modified electrodes in comparison to the adenine-enriched unmethylated DNA. The level of the methylation is quantified by monitoring the differential pulse voltammetric current as a function of the adsorbed DNA. The assay is sensitive to distinguish methylated and unmethylated DNA sequences at single CpG resolution by differentiating changes in DNA methylation as low as 5%. Furthermore, this method has been used to detect methylation levels in a collection of DNA samples taken from oesophageal cancer tissues.
F Islam, Md. H Haque, S Yadav, Md N Islam, V Gopalan, N-T Nguyen, A K. Lam, M J. A. Shiddiky, "Electrochemical Detection of the FAM134B Protein in Colon Cancer," Scientific Report, 7, 133, 2017.
Abstract: Despite the excellent diagnostic applications of the current conventional immunoassay methods such as ELISA, immunostaining and Western blot for FAM134B detection, they are laborious, expensive and required a long turnaround time. Here, we report an electrochemical approach for rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of FAM134B protein in biological (colon cancer cell extracts) and clinical (serum) samples. The approach utilises a differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in the presence of the [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− redox system to quantify the FAM134B protein in a two-step strategy that involves (i) initial attachment of FAM134B antibody on the surface of extravidin-modified screen-printed carbon electrode, and (ii) subsequent detection of FAM134B protein present in the biological/clinical samples. The assay system was able to detect FAM134B protein at a concentration down to 10 pg μL−1 in phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.4) with a good inter-assay reproducibility (% RSD = <8.64, n = 3). We found excellent sensitivity and specificity for the analysis of FAM134B protein in a panel of colon cancer cell lines and serum samples. Finally, the assay was further validated with ELISA method. We believe that our assay could potentially lead a low-cost alternative to conventional immunological assays for target antigens analysis in point-of-care applications.
S Yadav, K Boriachek, Md N Islam, R Lobb, A Möller, M M Hill, Md S Al Hossain, N‐T Nguyen, M J A Shiddiky, An Electrochemical Method for the Detection of Disease‐Specific Exosomes, ChemElectroChem, 4, 967-971, 2017.
Abstract: Exosomes are cell-derived vesicles secreted by both normal and cancerous cells into the extracellular matrix and in blood circulation. Tumor-derived exosomes have attracted increasing attention in noninvasive cancer diagnosis and prognosis. However, their effective capture and specific detection pose significant technical challenges. Current detection methods largely fail to quantify the tumor-derived exosomes present in the total (bulk) exosome population derived from body fluids of cancer patients. In this proof-of-concept study, we report an electrochemical detection method to directly quantify the disease-specific exosomes present in cell culture media. The assay has a two-step design, where bulk exosome populations are initially captured by using a generic antibody (i.e. tetraspanin biomarker, CD9). Subsequent detection of the cancer-specific exosomes within the captured exosomes was carried out by using a cancer-specific antibody, in this case, a human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) antibody, allowing quantification of HER2-postive, breast-cancer-derived exosomes. This approach exhibits excellent specificity for HER-2(+) BT-474 cell-derived exosomes (detection limit, 4.7×105 exosomes μL−1) with a relative standard deviation of <4.9 % (n=3). We suggest that this simple and inexpensive electrochemical method could be an alternative for the quantification of exosome subpopulations in specific disease settings for future clinical bioassays.
S Yadav, L G. Carrascosa, A A. I. Sina, M J. A. Shiddiky, M M. Hill, M Trau "Electrochemical detection of protein glycosylation using lectin and protein–gold affinity interactions," Analyst, 141, 2356-2361, 2016.
Abstract: We report a new method for the electrochemical detection of glycosylation on proteins, which relies on lectin–protein interaction on a bare gold electrode. The target protein isolated by immunoaffinity is directly adsorbed onto a gold surface and its glycosylation status is retrieved by subsequent addition of specific lectins. The adsorption and subsequent recognition process is monitored electrochemically in the presence of [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− redox system. By decoupling target protein capture from glycosylation read-out steps, this approach circumvents unwanted antibody–lectin crosstalk while enabling specific glycosylation detection of a glycoprotein in serum-spiked samples in less than 1 h.
S. KC, S Yadav, Designing and implementing training program for laboratory technicians in a tertiary care centre of central Nepal. Biochimica Clinica 37, S348, 2013.
Abstract:
S Yadav, S. KC, Interference of drug in clinical chemistry – shall we start thinking? Journal of Nepal Chemical Society, 29, 89-95, 2012.
Abstract: Clinical chemistry is emerging area in the field of clinical medicine which deals with the estimation of different analytes from body fluids. Different drugs interfere with the estimation of these analyte. The interference can be either physiological or analytical. Out of many analytes the most commonly estimated analyte are glucose, urea, creatinine, sodium and potassium. Small changes in these analytes also might give misleading information to the clinician. Though the clinicians will be aware of the major side effects of the drug, minor physiological effect might be overlooked also the analytical procedure and the effect of drug in different analytes. Hence, it is necessary for laboratory to inform clinicians regarding the possible effects of drugs on analytes.
N Gupta, P. Khadka, S Yadav, Relation between lipid profile and total antioxidant status among normal population. Journal of Nepal Chemical Society 27, 53-60, 2011.
Abstract: This study was conducted to assess serum lipids in normal people in relation with their total antioxidant status. Altogether 50 fasting blood samples were collected for study in age between 20-50 years. Fasting lipid profile was determined with enzymatic method i.e. triglyceride (TG), high density lipo-protein (HDL) and low density lipo-protein (LDL) whereas total cholesterol (TC) by chemical method using FeCl3 reagent. The antioxidant status was determined by Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) assay using TPTZ solution. The statistical analysis was done by SPSS program using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. TG showed negative significant correlation with total antioxidant status (p<0.01) and HDL showed positive significant correlation (p<0.05). Whereas TC and LDL showed non-significant correlation with total antioxidant status (p>0.05).
