In materials science, MXenes are a class of two-dimensional inorganic compounds, and MBenes consist of atomically thin layers of transition metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides. MXenes accept a variety of hydrophilic terminations. 

M(n+1)AnXn - M - Ternary Transition Metal, A- IIIA or IVA group elements, X is Carbide or Nitrides where n is 1, 2, 3

Suitable chemical exfoliation with HF or (HCl + NaF) or (HCl+ LiF) for 12 hours at RT and 90oC for 2 hours clean with DSFO @40oC for 18 hours delamination, wash multiple times and dry 40oC.

Mn+1XnTn is called M is the Ternary Transition metal, X is carbide or nitride and T is the functional group of H, -OH

MBene where B is the Boron structure 

Graphene oxide (GO) is a layered carbon structure with oxygen-containing functional groups (=O, -OH, -O-, -COOH) attached to both sides of the layer and the edges of the plane. As with any 2D carbon material, GO can also have either a single-layer or a multilayer structure. 

Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is obtained from chemically or thermally treated graphene oxide. Generally, the preparation of rGO occurs between graphite sheets and oxidised graphene oxide. 

Graphene is an allotrope of carbon consisting of a single layer of atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice nanostructure.  

    Graphene Oxide preparation

3 g graphite mixed with 2.25 NaNO3, then gradually mixed with 9:1 H2SO4 and H3PO4. Slowly mix 9g of KMnO4 at 20oC in an ice bath kept at 40oC for 2 hours to turn dark green, dilute it with 150 ml of water, and end the reaction with 16 ml of H2O2

 (ii.) reduced graphene oxide preparation. 

Mix hydrazine hydride, heated 80oC for 2 hours, cleaned several times and dried at 50oC.


 Monolayers MoS2, WS2, MoSe2, WSe2, and MoTe2 have a direct band gap and can be used as electronic transistors emitters and optics detectors.

 The TMD monolayer crystal structure has no inversion centre, which allows access to a new degree of freedom of charge carriers, the k-valley index. It opens up a new field of physics: valleytronics. 

The spin-orbit solid coupling in TMD monolayers leads to a spin-orbit splitting of hundreds of meV in the valence band and a few meV in the conduction band, which allows control of the electron spin by tuning the excitation laser photon energy and handedness.[11]

2D nature and high spin-orbit coupling in TMD layers can be promising materials for spintronic applications.

0.2 mg of hBN crystals was sonicated in 5 ml of 1,2-dichloroethane solution of poly(m-phenyl-enevinylene-co-2,5-dictoxy-p-phenylenevinylene) to disperse and break up van der Waals forces between hBN layers.

Black phosphorus (BP) is a synthetically derived, two-dimensional (2D) layered semiconductor material. BP is made up of individual layers called phosphorene, which have a puckered hexagonal structure and are bound together by van der Waals and ionic forces. BP has unique properties make it useful in many fields, including electronics, optoelectronics, transistors, catalysis, and biomedical applications.