Surgery 2

Hemia. Anterior abdominal wall. Etiological factors for hernias. Inguinal, femoral, umbilical, epigastric hernia. Clinical features of the hernia. 

Diaphragmatic hernia. Esophageal hernia. Rupture of the diaphragm. Incisional hernia. Hernia surgery, hemia repair. Classic repair and tension free methods (Lichtenstein, Ramirez). Prosthesis, types, indication for mesh repair. 

Inflammatory diseases of the cervical region. Phlegmon and abscesses of the cervical region. Cervical closed trauma, open injuries. Traumatic injuries (open and closed) of the larynx and trachea. Injuries of the cervical part of the esophagus. Anterior scalene muscle syndrome. Carotid chemodectoma. 

Surgical diseases of the thorax and thoracic organs. Thoracic trauma (hemo, pneumo, chylothorax). Cardiac injuries. Trauma and caustic injuries of the esophagus. Achalasia. 

Lung abscess and gangrene. Hydatid diseases of the lungs. Empyema of the pleura. Acute exudative pericarditis; Mediastinal emphysema; Septic mediastinitis; 

Surgical anatomy of the breast. Methods of investigation; Septic mastitis, diagnosis, treatment. Dishormonal diseases of the breast. Mastopaties, gynecomastia; Benign tumors of the breast. 

The rectum and anus. Methods of investigation. Trauma of the anorectal region. Hemorrhoids. Anal fissure. Acute and chronic paraproctitis.. Pilonidal cyst. 

Bowels obstruction. Bowels mechanical obstruction. Types of mechanical obstruction, pathogenesis, diagnosis and differential diagnosis. Upper bowels obstruction causes: gastric outlet obstruction, biliodigestive fistula and bile stones as a cause of obstruction; foreign bodies and bezoars. 

Bowels lower mechanical obstruction, classification causes. Adynamic ileus, classification, causes, treatment. 

Acute pancreatitis etiology, pathogenesis. Current diagnostic algorithm. Severity index scoring system-APACHI-IL Radiology Balthazar scoring system. New guidelines for management of acute pancreatitis. 

Chronic pancreatitis, free radical theory in pathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis. Pancreatic cysts. Whipple’s procedure. 

Portal hypertension syndrome. Factors and diseases causing to portal hypertension. Principles of current classification. Bleeding from esophageal varices. Ascitis. TIPS, modem trends of management. 

Splenic trauma. Splenic abscess, splenic hydatid disease, infarction of the spleen, hypersplenism, splenic thrombosis splenomegaly; Tumors of the spleen. Hemolytic anemia. Thrombocytic purpura. 

Bleeding from the GI tract. Bleeding from the upper GI tract. Intra and extra luminal causes of bleeding. Diagnosis and current principles of treatment. Mallory-Weiss syndrome. 

Lower intestinal bleeding, diagnosis, evaluation of blood amount lost. Diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy. Current principles of treatment. 

Peritonitis. Classification, pathogenesis, clinical features, treatment. Diffuse and local peritonitis. Chronic peritonitis. 

Acute abdomen. Surgical disease causing acute abdomen (various pathologies and complications of the stomach, duodenum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large bowel, abdominal vessels etc). classification, diagnosis and treatment. 

Acute abdomen. Nonsurgical causes of acute abdomen, symptoms, classification, diagnosis and treatment. 

Surgical diseases of vessels and lymphatics. Traumatic injuries of the main vessels. Acute thrombosis and embolism. Pulmonary embolism, thrombophlebitis of the lower extremities. Lymphangitis, lymphangitis, lymphadenitis.

12 questions from topics listed above.