Sustainable management of agronomic practices that modulate soil quality and elemental distribution.

Overcoming challenges of soil qualities with spatio-temporal assessment of physico-chemical properties.

Understanding the chemical behaviour of hazardous elements in soil like arsenic (As), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) etc. 

Determining nutritional element bioavailability in soil and how to increase the content.

Structural and compositional analysis of soil elements forming variable stable compounds. 

Developing new soil management practices to enhance carbon storage and minimise carbon loss. 

Promoting balanced irrigation like alternate wetting-drying (AWD) and furrow irrigation to reduce water consumption without compromising crop yield. 

Assessment and application of soil-friendly substances like biogenic nanoparticles, biochar, vermicompost and growth-promoting non-hazardous chemicals.

Promoting sustainable development goals (SDGs) for proper soil stock management. 

Crop plants, especially rice, cultivation management and defining basic needs according to landscape, irrigation practices and soil quality. 

Crop yield and harvesting index assessment with qualitative analysis. Plant physiological observations under varied treatments.

Seed priming of crop plants and combined with folier treatments checking the biochemical responses in 1st and consecutive generations. 

Phytoremediation approach with non-edible and ornamental plants with subsequent sustainable waste management strategies.

Internal crop anatomy and ultra-structure analysis depending on the cultivation practices and amendments. 

Plant stress-responsive enzymes and biomarkers profiling with activity measurement under changed environments. 

Plant root phenology and root exudates analysis that correlates with the rhizospheric structure and quality. 

Molecular transporter interactions and modelling with arsenic and other elements in plants that regulate elemental passage. 

Specific bacteria are used E. coli WT9637, K. oxytoca M5aI, and similar ones, for the genomic DNA extraction.

Target genes within the genomic DNA are generally treated using the restriction-ligation method to create a suitable expression vector.

Suitable plasmid vectors, like pBAD18-cm, are used to take up the insert and carry out a transformation. 

Multiple rounds of selectivity tests, gel electrophoresis and PCR are performed to get a pure gene and expression vector. Variable DNA size markers are used for the gene size estimation. 

Activity and expression rate of the recombinant genes are analysed using RT-PCR/q-RT-PCR to understand the influence of the environment on the genomic level. 

Online databases and platforms are followed to make primers, sequence analysis and modelling. Protein structural predictions for the specific binding or elemental passage are often performed using different 3D viewers and modelling bases. 

How gene expressions and the function of their respective proteins in and out of the bacterial cells are analysed using experimental data and prediction-based tools.