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A strong Pacific storm will move across the Aleutian Islands of Alaska and into the Bering Sea Tuesday into Thursday before dissipating over Southwest Alaska on Friday. Strong winds, accumulating snow, and coastal impacts are expected. A Pacific storm will bring moderate to locally heavy rainfall, coastal impacts, and mountain snow as it crosses the Western U.S. Tuesday into Thursday. Read More >

Means of hourly wind vectors observed at 30 Southern California RAWS from 1996-2010 during Santa Ana days (fires and non-fires) and non-Santa Ana days (fires and non-fires). 95% confidence intervals are in brackets.

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Distribution of hourly wind directions and wind speeds aggregated across all 30 RAWS from 1996-2010 on a) Santa Ana days with a large fire ignition (LF-SA); b) Santa Ana days without a large fire ignition (noLF-SA); c) non-Santa Ana days with a large fire ignition (LF-noSA); and d) non-Santa Ana days without a large fire ignition (noLF-noSA). Height of the bars on the wind rose represents the percentage (y-axis) of total hours that are within each 15 directional bin. Colors of the bars indicate the percentage of total hours within each wind speed bin.

Agglomerative hierarchical clustering results for a) wind direction and b) wind speed during noLF-SA days. Labels on the dendrograms indicate the clustering groups. Within-cluster sum of square "elbow" plots are similar to those shown in Figure 4, and omitted here.

Agglomerative hierarchical clustering results for a) wind direction and b) wind speed during LF-noSA days. Labels on the dendrograms indicate the clustering groups. Within-cluster sum of square "elbow" plots are similar to those shown in Figure 4, and omitted here.

Agglomerative hierarchical clustering results for a) wind direction and b) wind speed during noLF-noSA days. Labels on the dendrograms indicate the clustering groups. Within-cluster sum of square "elbow" plots are similar to those shown in Figure 4, and omitted here.

Tornadic waterspouts are tornadoes that form over water, or move from land to water. They have the same characteristics as a land tornado. They are associated with severe thunderstorms, and are often accompanied by high winds and seas, large hail, and frequent dangerous lightning.

Fair weather waterspouts usually form along the dark flat base of a line of developing cumulus clouds. This type of waterspout is generally not associated with thunderstorms. While tornadic waterspouts develop downward in a thunderstorm, a fair weather waterspout develops on the surface of the water and works its way upward. By the time the funnel is visible, a fair weather waterspout is near maturity. Fair weather waterspouts form in light wind conditions so they normally move very little.

The NHC provides two products based on hypothetical hurricanes: MEOWs and MOMs. MEOWs are created by computing the maximum storm surge resulting from up to 100,000 hypothetical storms simulated through each SLOSH grid of varying forward speed, radius of maximum wind, intensity (Categories 1-5), landfall location, tide level, and storm direction. A MEOW product is created for each combination of category, forward speed, storm direction, and tide level. SLOSH products exclude Category 5 storms north of the NC/VA border and for Hawaii. For each storm combination, parallel storms make landfall in 5 to 10 mile increments along the coast within the SLOSH grid, and the maximum storm surge footprint from each simulation is composited, retaining the maximum height of storm surge in a given basin grid cell. These are called MEOWs and no single hurricane will produce the regional flooding depicted in the MEOWs. SLOSH modelMOMs are an ensemble product of maximum storm surge heights. SLOSH MOMs are created for each storm category by retaining the maximum storm surge value in each grid cell for all the MEOWs, regardless of the forward speed, storm trajectory, or landfall location. SLOSH MOMs are available for mean tide and high tide scenarios and represent the near worst-case scenario of flooding under ideal storm conditions. A high tide initial water level was used for the storm surge risk maps.

In locations that have a steep and narrow continental shelf, wave setup can be a substantial contributor to the total water level rise observed during a tropical cyclone. Wave setup is defined as the increase in mean water level due to momentum transfer to the water column by waves that are breaking or otherwise dissipating their energy. Through NOAA's Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) Coastal and Ocean Modeling Testbed (COMT) the SLOSH model has been loosely coupled to the Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) third-generation wave model, developed at Delft University of Technology ( ), for storm surge modeling applications in island regions such as Puerto Rico, USVI, and Hawaii. In these locations, SLOSH+SWAN simulations were conducted to create MEOW and MOM products that account for the increase in the mean water level due to wave setup. Storm Surge Wave Modeling for Guam and American SamoaFor Guam and American Samoa, the SLOSH model has been coupleed with an efficient parametric wind wave model courtesy of NOAA/NCEP/EMC. SLOSH+Wave simulations were conducted to create MEOW and MOM products that account for the increase in the mean water level due to wave setup. Data has been processed by the National Hurricane Center (NHC) Storm Surge Unit.Storm Surge and Wave Modeling in Hispaniola Guam and Yucatan Peninsula Through the USAID/WMO Coastal Inundation and Flooding Demonstration Project for the Island of Hispaniola, the SLOSH model has been coupled with an efficient parametric wind wave model courtesy of NOAA/NCEP/EMC. In this location, SLOSH+Wave simulations were conducted to create MEOW and MOM products that account for the increase in the mean water level due to wave setup. Data has been processed by the National Hurricane Center (NHC) Storm Surge Unit.

For the SREF-CLUSTER model, a Clusters table is shown below the forecast hours. Once a product and then a forecast hour is clicked, the Clusters table shows links for available clusters for the chosen products. Clicking on a cluster link will show the image in a new window.

This document amends the FM Table of Allotments, of the Commission's rules, by removing certain vacant FM allotment channels that were auctioned through our FM competitive bidding process or undergone FM noncommercial filing window, and are no longer considered vacant FM allotments. The FM allotments are currently authorized licensed stations. FM assignments for authorized stations and reserved facilities will be reflected solely in Media Bureau's Licensing Management System (LMS). These FM allotment channels have previously undergone notice and comment rulemaking. This action constitutes an editorial change in the FM Table of Allotments. Therefore, we find for good cause that further notice and comment are unnecessary.

This proposed AD was prompted by a report of smoke in the aft cabin during a maintenance activity, which an investigation determined was caused by a faulty drain line ribbon heater. The ribbon heater lead wires were found to have been installed with the lead wire termination reversed, which, in combination with a ribbon heater ground fault, led to a continuous ribbon heater heating condition. The FAA is proposing this AD to address faulty potable water-line ribbon heaters, which, if not corrected, could lead to an onboard fire. See the MCAI for additional background information.

This AD was prompted by a report of smoke in the aft cabin during a maintenance activity, which an investigation determined was caused by a faulty drain line ribbon heater. The FAA is issuing this AD to address faulty potable water-line ribbon heaters, which, if not corrected, could lead to an onboard fire.

The MCAQD corrected the second deficiency by including in the rule new NO X emission limits of 30 parts per million by volume (ppmv) NO X for gaseous fuel fired operations and 40 ppmv NO X for liquid fuel fired operations at new units. Existing steam generating boilers must limit NO X emissions to 0.1 pounds per million British thermal units per hour. We believe these emission limits to constitute RACT for this source category, and we find that these revisions resolve the deficiency.

The deficiency for emergency fuel operations (unbounded length, and ambiguity for testing operations) was corrected by the MCAQD through two revisions. The first is an annual limit of 168 hours for emergency fuel fired operations. The second is a clarification of the exemption for emergency fuel testing operations to be limited only to the period needed for testing. We find that these revisions resolve the deficiency for emergency fuel operations in Rule 322.

EPA has released several documents containing information relevant to evaluating interstate transport with respect to the 2015 ozone NAAQS. First, on January 6, 2017, EPA published a notice of data availability (NODA) with preliminary interstate ozone transport modeling with projected ozone design values (DVs) for 2023 using a 2011 base year modeling platform, on which we requested public comment. 8 In the NODA, EPA used the year 2023 as the analytic year for this preliminary modeling because that year aligns with the expected attainment year for Moderate ozone nonattainment areas for the 2015 ozone NAAQS. 9 On October 27, 2017, we released a memorandum (2017 memorandum) containing updated modeling data for 2023, which incorporated changes made in response to comments on the NODA, and noted that the modeling may be useful for states developing SIPs to address good neighbor obligations for the 2008 ozone NAAQS. 10 On March 27, 2018, we issued a memorandum (March 2018 memorandum) noting that the same 2023 modeling data released in the 2017 memorandum could also be useful for identifying potential downwind air quality problems with respect to the 2015 ozone NAAQS at step 1 of the four-step interstate transport framework. 11 The March 2018 memorandum also included the then newly available contribution modeling results to assist states in evaluating their impact on potential downwind air quality problems for the 2015 ozone NAAQS under step 2 of the interstate transport framework. EPA subsequently issued two more memoranda in August and October 2018, providing additional information to states developing good neighbor SIP submissions for the 2015 ozone NAAQS concerning, respectively, potential contribution thresholds that may be appropriate to apply in step 2 of the framework, and considerations for identifying downwind areas that may have problems maintaining the standard at step 1 of the framework. 12 e24fc04721