The new strategic partnership with Flickr is a major development for Pixsy and we believe it signals the start of real change, especially in light of reforms to copyright law internationally. The European Parliament has passed a controversial new Copyright Directive which is set to change how sharing of images and other copyrighted materials online is regulated and enforced. The US Copyright Office is also currently undertaking extensive modernization to better meet the needs of copyright owners.

It will offer the service to paying members under its Pro subscription. It enables them to monitor up to 1000 images and lets users send 10 DMCA takedown notices for free. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act lets copyright owners send cease and desist letters to people using their content online without permission.


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First of all, tags are expected to refer to or describe something that can be visualized (i.e., that can be turned into a visual format such as an image). An indirect effect of this is that Flickr frequency should end up capturing some distribution of visual information in our experiences (we do not expect high Flickr frequency for extremely abstract things or for things that cannot be visualized). Notably, such visual experience is not necessarily only based on "real-world frequency" but also on "media frequency" from websites, movies, newspapers, books, comics, etc. These two are arguably correlated but do not completely overlap. Indeed, something that can be photographed in real life, in principle, can also be seen on Flickr, but the two types of experience tend to diverge for other visualizable entities: for example, the rate at which the tag for "lion" or "dragon" appears on Flickr reasonably approximates how people see lions or dragons online better than how they see them in real life. Moreover, beyond its validity as a proxy for actual visual experience, this massive repository of images also embeds a reliable portrait of the state of things in the world. Indeed, Menon et al. (2016) showed that images tagged on Flickr can be effectively used to extract robust approximations of animal wildlife population size.

Flickr frequencies were obtained from the Flickr photo-sharing platform (www.flickr.com). They were initially extracted for a total of 81,834 words resulting from the combination of entries from the English Lexicon Project (ELP) (including 40,481 American spelling English words) (Balota et al., 2007), the British Lexicon Project (including 28,730 British spelling English words) (Keuleers et al., 2012), and the English Crowdsourcing Project (including 61,851 American spelling English words) (Mandera et al., 2020). We did not apply any transformation or processing to the words as they appear in the three datasets, we used to construct the item set. A Python-based tool was developed to collect Flickr frequency data through the API method flickr.photos.search ( ), which returns the list of public photosFootnote 1 tagged with a specific label within a particular time interval and geographical area. As geographical areas, we extracted data separately for images uploaded in the US and the UK by defining bounding boxes delimiting the two areas (taken from )Footnote 2. As time interval, we extracted data starting from January 1, 2005, to January 1, 2022. Since the Flickr API provides less accurate results when accessing larger sets of photos, the whole time interval was subdivided into five equal-sized sub-windows in case more than 20,000 photos were contained within that window. The subdivision was recursively performed until no API query returned more than 20,000 photos or up to a minimum time interval of 30 days. Results from each API query for each word were then summed together to form two datasets of Flickr frequency: one with the count of images tagged with each word label in the geographical area of the United States (i.e., Flickr frequency US) and one with the count of images tagged with each word label in the geographical area of the United Kingdom (i.e., Flickr frequency UK). Words never used as tags in Flickr were discarded (i.e., 28,133 words for Flickr frequency US; 34,943 for Flickr frequency UK) Footnote 3. As a result, the Flickr frequency US corpus included 53,699 words, and the Flickr frequency UK dataset included 46,889 words.

As mentioned in the introduction, this Flickr data is not free from biases. As for any frequency measure, the observed distribution depends substantially on the data source we are considering (Baayen et al., 2016). Indeed, the selection of images uploaded online is subjected to critical human filters, especially related to the motivation for uploading photographs on such social media. More specifically, social signaling/attention is one of the main motivating factors on Flickr (Stuart, 2012). The intent of drawing others' attention (i.e., social communication) (Ames & Naaman, 2007) drives the selection of the images and related tags: people do not just upload everything they see but favour images that are meaningful, surprising, or in any other way salient; they will select socially acceptable photos and tags; they will prefer images considered as more aesthetically pleasing. A clue into these biases is provided by Fig. 4. Concrete things that are not pleasant (e.g., "amputate" or "surgeon "), socially not appropriate (e.g., "sex") or simply not salient (e.g., "bandage") to be uploaded on such a social media are under-represented in the Flickr tags relative to their lexical frequency. On the opposite, even abstract words, especially when giving positive connotations to the photos, tend to be used more as a tag on Flickr (e.g.," serene", liberty", "fun"). A further indication of these biases is provided by the positive correlation between Flickr frequency and valence (i.e., people tend to use more positive words as tags): beautiful images are uploaded more often and are expected to be better described by pleasant words as tags.

The National Archives has joined Flickr to share images of National Archives archival photographs and documents in a new way with National Archives researchers, potential researchers, and the public. We are excited to participate in Flickr's active online community.

We invite you to contribute your own tags, comments, notes, and other identifying information to our photographs on Flickr. Our photosteam is online at The National Archives may or may not add any of this identifying information to our online catalog, because resources are limited.

No. As outlined in the National Archives' Digitization Strategy, the National Archives will continue to use the National Archives Catalog, the National Archives Catalog, as the National Archives' central online location for digital copies of archival photographs and documents.

All of the U.S. National Archives' images that are part of The Flickr Commons are marked "no known copyright restrictions." This means the U.S. National Archives is unaware of any copyright restrictions on the publication, distribution, or re-use of those particular photos. Their use restriction status in our online catalog is "unrestricted." Therefore, no written permission is required to use them. Read more information about the Publication of Photographs Furnished by Still Pictures.

Flickr was launched on February 10, 2004 by Ludicorp, a Vancouver-based company founded by Stewart Butterfield and Caterina Fake. The service emerged from tools originally created for Ludicorp's Game Neverending, a web-based massively multiplayer online game. Flickr proved a more feasible project, and ultimately Game Neverending was shelved.[13] Butterfield later launched a similar online game, Glitch, which was shut down on November 14, 2012.[14][15]

In addition to being a popular website for users to share and embed personal photographs and an online community, in 2004, the service was widely used by photo researchers and by bloggers to host images that they embed in blogs and social media.[19]

Users can organize their Flickr photos into "albums" (formerly "sets") which are more flexible than the traditional folder-based method of organizing files, as one photo can belong to one album, many albums, or none at all. Flickr provides code to embed albums into blogs, websites and forums. Flickr albums represent a form of categorical metadata rather than a physical hierarchy. Geotagging can be applied to photos in albums,[56] and any albums with geotagging can be related to a map using imapflickr. The resulting map can be embedded in a website.[57] Flickr albums may be organized into "collections", which can themselves be further organized into higher-order collections.

Flickr has entered into partnerships with many third parties. Flickr had a partnership with the Picnik online photo-editing application that included a reduced-feature version of Picnik built into Flickr as a default photo editor.[67] On April 5, 2012, Flickr replaced Picnik with Aviary as its default photo editor.[68] In addition to using commercial mapping data, Flickr now uses OpenStreetMap mapping for various cities; this began with Beijing during the run-up to the 2008 Olympic games. As of October 2008[update], this is used for Baghdad, Beijing, Kabul, Sydney and Tokyo.[69][70] OpenStreetMap data is collected by volunteers and is available under the Open Database License. Flickr offers printing of various forms of merchandise, including business cards, photo books, stationery, personalized credit cards and large-size prints from companies such as Moo, Blurb, Tiny Prints, Capital One, Imagekind, and QOOP. The Flickr partnership with Getty Images to sell stock photos from users is under review as of early 2014.[71][72]

Flickr management, unwilling to go into legal details, implied that the reason for the stringent filtering was some unusually strict age-verification laws in Germany. The issue received attention in the German national media, especially in online publications. Initial reports indicated that Flickr's action was a sensible, if unattractive, precaution against prosecution,[88] although later coverage implied that Flickr's action may have been unnecessarily strict.[89] On June 20, 2007, Flickr reacted by granting German users access to "moderate" (but not "restricted") images, and hinted at a future solution for Germany, involving advanced age-verification procedures. ff782bc1db

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