Medical records are used to track events and transactions between patients and health care providers. They offer information on diagnoses, procedures, lab tests, and other services. Medical records help us measure and analyze trends in health care use, patient characteristics, and quality of care.

Electronic health records (EHRs) were first introduced in the 1960s, but only became popular in the 2000s1, in part due to the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act and the Affordable Care Act. EHRs can make it easier for providers to enter information about patients. The data from EHRs can then be used for research, like comparing how effective providers are, and seeing how patients respond to treatment. In the U.S., patient privacy is still protected even with the use of EHRs by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), enforced by the Office for Civil Rights (OCR) of the HHS.


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Medical records are usually accurate and detailed because they come from health care providers. The data are automatically collected, including information that patients might not think to add or feel comfortable sharing through other data sources like surveys. Because the information is written down in a specific context, however, it can be misinterpreted if taken out of context. And of course, medical records are (by definition) only available for people who are able to get medical care. For researchers, it can be costly, both in time and in money, to obtain medical records in the United States, especially for large-scale studies. This is why surveys are often relied upon to collect information.

The Privacy Rule gives you, with few exceptions, the right to inspect, review, and receive a copy of your medical records and billing records that are held by health plans and health care providers covered by the Privacy Rule.

If you think the information in your medical or billing record is incorrect, you can request a change, or amendment, to your record. The health care provider or health plan must respond to your request. If it created the information, it must amend inaccurate or incomplete information.

The management and preservation of the hospital records in Indian context present a very gloomy picture. Despite the intensive effort at national and international level, the fundamental health care needs of the population of the developing countries are still unmet. The lack of basic health data renders difficulties in formulating and applying a rational for the allocation of limited resources that are available for patient care and disease prevention.

California Health & Safety Code section 123100 et seq. establishes a patient's right to see and receive copies of his or her medical records, under specific conditions and/or requirements as shown below. The law only addresses the patient's request for copies of their own medical records and does not cover a patient's request to transfer records between healthcare providers or to provide the records to an insurance company or an attorney. The request to transfer medical records is considered a matter of "professional courtesy" and is not covered by law. No statutes cover record transfers and there is no set protocol for transferring records between providers. Generally, physicians will transfer records without charging a fee; however, some doctors do charge a fee associated with copying and mailing the paperwork. Physicians will require a patient to sign a records release form to transfer records.

If you have followed the requirements outlined in the Health & Safety Code and the physician has not complied with your request, you may file a complaint with the Medical Board. Please include a copy of your written request(s). The physician will be contacted to determine the reason for failing to provide you with access to your medical records.

Section 123110 of the Health & Safety Code specifically provides that any adult patient, or any minor patient who by law can consent to medical treatment (or certain patient representatives), is entitled to inspect patient records upon written request to a physician and upon payment of reasonable clerical costs to make such records available. The physician must then permit the patient to view their records during business hours within five working days after receipt of the written request. The patient or patient's representative may be accompanied by one other person of their choosing. Prior to inspection or copying of records, physicians may require reasonable verification of identity, so long as this is not used oppressively or discriminatorily to frustrate or delay compliance with this law.

The patient or patient's representative is entitled to copies of all or any portion of their records that he or she has a right to inspect, upon written request to the physician. The physician may charge a fee to defray the cost of copying, not to exceed 25 cents per page or 50 cents per page for records that are copied from microfilm, along with reasonable clerical costs. By law, a patient's records are defined as records relating to the health history, diagnosis, or condition of a patient, or relating to treatment provided or proposed to be provided to the patient. Physicians must provide patients with copies within 15 days of receipt of the request.

There are some exceptions to the absolute requirements shown above: a physician may refuse the request of a minor's representative to inspect or obtain copies of the minor's records if a physician determines that access to the patient records requested by the representative would have a detrimental effect on the physician's professional relationship with the minor patient or the minor's physical safety or psychological well-being.

A physician may refuse a patient's request to see or copy their mental health records if the physician determines there is a substantial risk of significant adverse or detrimental consequences to the patient if such access were permitted, subject to the following conditions:

Recent military service and medical records are not online. However, most veterans and their next of kin can obtain free copies of their DD Form 214 (Report of Separation) and the following military service records any of the ways listed below.

There is a fee for records that are considered "Archival," which depends on the discharge date. If the request is made 62 years after the service member's separation from the military, the records are now open to the public and subject to the public fee schedule (44 USC 2116c and 44 USC 2307). This is a rolling date, the current year minus 62 years. Learn more.

Response times from NPRC vary depending on the complexity of your request, the availability of the records, and our workload. We work actively to respond to each request in a timely fashion, keep in mind we receive approximately 4,000 - 5,000 requests per day.

Records are accessioned into the National Archives, and become archival, 62 years after the service member's separation from the military. This is a rolling date, the current year minus 62 years. See more information on records older than 62 years.

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Ā Archival records are open to the public and can be ordered online for a copying fee. See Access to Military Records by the General Public for more details.

For additional details on what information may or may not be included, please see the Special Notice to Veterans and Family Members regarding requests for copies of military personnel and/or medical files.

You can mail or fax your signed and dated request to the National Archives' National Personnel Record Center (NPRC). Be sure to use the address specified (either in the instructions on the SF-180 or in our online system, eVetRecs). Most, but not all records, are stored at the NPRC. (See full list of Locations of Military Service Records.)

Special Note on Contacting by Email: Requests for military personnel records or information from them cannot be accepted by email at this time. The Privacy Act of 1974 (5 U.S.C. 552a) and Department of Defense directives require a written request, signed and dated, to access information from military personnel records. Our email address should only be used only to request general information (hours of operations, procedures and forms) or to submit compliments, complaints, or concerns.

The National Commission had held that there was no question of negligence for failure to supply the medical records to patients unless there is a legal duty on the hospital to give the records. The alleged hospital had provided a detailed discharge summary to the patient.[1] However, the Bombay High Court held that doctors cannot claim confidentiality when the patient or his relatives demand medical records.[2] With the enforcement of the MCI Regulations, 2002 it has been held without confusion that the patient has a right to claim medical records pertaining to his treatment and the hospitals are under obligation to maintain them and provide them to the patient on request.

The hospital and doctor were guilty of deficiency in service as case records were not produced before the court to refute the allegation of a lack of standard care.[3] The plea of destroying the case sheet as per the general practice of the hospitals appeared to the court as an attempt to suppress certain facts that are likely to be revealed from the case sheet. The opposite party was found negligent as he should have retained the case records until the disposal of the complaint.[4]

Not producing medical records to the patient prevents the complainant from seeking an expert opinion. It is the duty of the person in possession of the medical records to produce it in the court and adverse inference could be drawn for not producing the records.[5] The State Commission held that there was negligence as the case sheet did not contain a proper history, history of prior treatment and investigations, and even the consent papers were missing.[6] 2351a5e196

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