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The exciting summer program will gather a group of aspiring young professionals and advanced university students from across the European continent. The summer school dedicated to the political, economic and security dynamics of the Indo-Pacific region, with a key focus on China, will take place on May 6-10, 2024, in the beautiful UNESCO World Heritage town of Kutn Hora, Czech Republic, near the capital Prague.

This will be the second edition of the Summer School, with the inaugural edition dedicated to China-EU relations held in May 2022. The participants of the previous summer school had a chance to listen to lectures delivered by many esteemed speakers, including Dr. Tom Petek (former Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic), H.E. Nicholas Chapui (EU Ambassador to China), H.E. Diana Mickeviien (Lithuanian Ambassador to China), Ondej Wgner (first secretary of the Delegation of the European Union to Beijing), Isabel Hilton, OBE (the Founder and Senior Advisor of China Dialogue), Dr. Jakub Jakbowski (Senior Fellow at the China Program of the Centre for Eastern Studies (OSW), Dr. Janka Oertel (Director of the Asia Program at the European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR) and Dr. Ivana Karskov (Founder and Leader of CHOICE).

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Pronounced ENSO-related anomalies linger mysteriously during JJA(1) after eastern Pacific SST anomalies have dissipated. Chinese researchers have long suggested that during the summer, following El Nio, pronounced precipitation anomalies tend to take place near the Yangtze River (Fu and Teng 1988; Huang and Wu 1989; Huang et al. 2004), causing major floods there as in 1954 and 1998 summers. Over the northwest (NW) Pacific, climatic anomalies can be even larger and more robust during the summer following than preceding the El Nio peak, despite much weaker SST anomalies in the eastern Pacific.

The tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) warms up following the El Nio peak because of the downwelling ocean Rossby waves in the southwestern basin (Xie et al. 2002; Huang and Kinter 2002) and heat flux changes elsewhere (Klein et al. 1999; Tokinaga and Tanimoto 2004). See Schott et al. (2008) for a recent review of the TIO response to ENSO. During the El Nio mature phase, precipitation decreases over the TIO despite this basin-wide warming, leading to a notion that the TIO warming is largely a passive response to ENSO teleconnection without much climatic influences. Countering this notion, however, recent modeling studies suggest that the TIO warming is partially responsible for the formation of the NW Pacific anticyclone anomaly from winter to spring (Watanabe and Jin 2003; Annamalai et al. 2005), and its persistence into JJA(1) (Yang et al. 2007). These results form the following capacitor hypothesis (Yang et al. 2007): El Nio teleconnection causes TIO SST to increase like a battery charging a capacitor; the TIO warming persists through the summer [JJA(1)], and exerts its climatic influences on surrounding regions after the El Nio decay, like a discharging capacitor. Early studies based on correlation (Wu et al. 1995) and idealized general circulation model (GCM) experiments (Wu and Liu 1995) have hinted at TIO SST effects on East Asian-western Pacific climate in summer. More recently, Yoo et al. (2006) note that spring TIO SST is a good predictor for the summer NW Pacific anticyclone. While they do not clarify what maintains this relationship between spring SST and summer atmospheric anomalies, Fig. 1 shows that the TIO SST persistence is the likely cause. Ohba and Ueda (2006) suggest that SST gradients between the North Indian and NW Pacific Oceans are important for June precipitation variability east of the Philippines. While the persistence of the NW Pacific anticyclone through summer may indeed be due to the TIO capacitor effect, the mechanism by which TIO SST affects the subtropical NW Pacific remains unclear.

Positive SST anomalies cover the entire TIO, with the maximum (>0.8) over the tropical southwest Indian Ocean (SWIO), a signature of the downwelling Rossby waves over the shallow thermocline dome (Murtugudde and Busalacchi 1999; Behera et al. 2000; Xie et al. 2002; Huang and Kinter 2002). While the SST anomalies are more or less symmetrical, precipitation anomalies are nearly antisymmetric about the equator, positive over the SWIO, and negative over the eastern north Indian Ocean (NIO). Surface winds show a C-shaped pattern typical of the response to antisymmetric heating, northeasterly north and northwesterly south of the equator. Kawamura et al. (2001) and Wu et al. (2008) suggest that this antisymmetric atmospheric pattern is due to be the WES feedback within the TIO. The northeasterly anomalies, in particular, help sustain the NIO warming through summer after the onset of the southwest monsoon in May (Du et al. 2009).

We have investigated ENSO-induced anomalies during the summer [JJA(1)] following its peak phase using observations and atmospheric models. The anticyclone centered in the subtropical NW Pacific emerges as the dominant anomaly pattern in the lower troposphere from our correlation and EOF analyses. This anomalous anticyclonic circulation explains many regional JJA(1) climate anomalies related to ENSO in Fig. 2. The weakened southwest monsoon causes the SCS to warm up; precipitation decreases at Guam and SLP increases in the anticyclone; the negative wind curls force downwelling ocean Rossby waves detected as a sea level rise at Ishigaki Island a few months later; and the PJ teleconnection from the subtropics intensifies baiu rainfall over Japan as observed at Hachijo Island.

The schematic in Fig. 13 summarizes the results. El Nio develops during the summer of year 0, peaks in winter, and decays in the spring of year 1. It induces the basin-wide warming over the TIO that persists through JJA(1). During the summer following El Nio, the TIO warming is the main culprit for the anomalous anticyclone and suppressed rainfall over the subtropical NW Pacific.

The Year Without a Summer had many impacts in Europe and North America. Crops were killed - either by frost or a lack of sunshine. This caused food to be scarce, and caused farmers who were able to grow crops to fear that they would be robbed. The lack of successful crops that summer made the food which was grown more valuable, and the price of food climbed. Because the price of oats increased, it was more expensive for people to feed their horses. Horses were the main method of transportation, so with expensive oats, the cost of travel increased. This may have been one of the factors that inspired a German man named Karl Drais to invent a way to get around without a horse: the bicycle.

SIT Study Abroad is committed to making international education accessible to all students. Scholarship awards generally range from $500 to $5,000 for semester programs and $500 to $3,000 for summer programs. This year, SIT will award nearly 1 million in scholarships and grants to SIT Study Abroad students.

Egypt has expressed interest in hosting the 2036 Summer Olympics in a multi-million dollar under-construction sports complex called the Egypt International Olympic City, 45 kilometers east of Cairo.[37] In January 2022, Egyptian Sports Minister Ashraf Sobhy revealed the country's plans to bid for the games and potentially seek to become the first nation in Africa to host the Olympic Games. Cairo was previously bid at the 2008 Summer Olympics and was not shortlisted, before losing to Beijing, China.[38] The project is stated to feature a 92,000-seat stadium, an Olympic-sized swimming pool, tennis courts and indoor venues.[39]

Wrightsville Beach is a beautiful beach town closest to Wilmington, North Carolina. It was voted one of the best beach/surf towns not too long ago in a popular surf magazine, and for good reason. The weather is beautiful, the water is warm and the waves are perfect for learning to surf. Most days at Wrightsville Beach in the summer you'll feel like you're in the crystal blue waters of the Caribbean. Our summer surf camps are absolutely the best surf camps you'll find anywhere. Our instructors are highly trained, skilled in the ocean, great teachers and very personable. Our equipment is the best and safest you can find, and our attention to detail is unparalleled. At Wrightsville Beach, Indo Jax Surf School offers two sell out surf programs. Visit www.townofwrightsvillebeach.com for more information on Wrightsville Beach.

The 25 students are from nine countries: China, Indonesia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Taiwan and Vietnam. None had been to the campus or Wisconsin prior to the summer institute.

Sarah Barber, director of Summer Term, hopes the institute will give students a solid academic foundation for their fall classes while also helping them develop a sense of connection with the university and each other. If deemed a success, the institute likely will expand to 50 students next summer, she says.

Figures 2(a) and (c) show spring circulation anomalies regressed on summer WNP precipitation in GloSea5 and reanalysis. In the lower troposphere (850 hPa), the positive summer WNP precipitation anomaly corresponds to a strong cyclonic circulation and negative SLP anomalies over the WNP, with a northward cross-equatorial wind over the IPWP. In the upper troposphere (200 hPa), there is strong divergence over the WNP with southward divergent wind anomalies crossing the equator (figures 3(a) and (c)). The circulation patterns at upper and lower troposphere indicate an obvious cross-equatorial overturning circulation over the IPWP. GloSea5 shows coherent circulation patterns with the reanalysis, indicating a well-represented relationship between the summer WNP precipitation and spring IPWP Hadley circulation in GloSea5. In addition, the forecast skill for spring IPWP Hadley circulation is much higher than that for summer WNP precipitation, with the correlation coefficient r = 0.83 for ensemble mean and with the most probable correlation coefficients near 0.78. ff782bc1db