Download Tic-tac-toe

Because of the simplicity of tic-tac-toe, it is often used as a pedagogical tool for teaching the concepts of good sportsmanship and the branch of artificial intelligence that deals with the searching of game trees. It is straightforward to write a computer program to play tic-tac-toe perfectly or to enumerate the 765 essentially different positions (the state space complexity) or the 26,830 possible games up to rotations and reflections (the game tree complexity) on this space.[3] If played optimally by both players, the game always ends in a draw, making tic-tac-toe a futile game.[4]

The game can be generalized to an m,n,k-game, in which two players alternate placing stones of their own color on an m-by-n board with the goal of getting k of their own color in a row. Tic-tac-toe is the 3,3,3-game.[5] Harary's generalized tic-tac-toe is an even broader generalization of tic-tac-toe. It can also be generalized as an nd game, specifically one in which n equals 3 and d equals 2.[6] It can be generalised even further by playing on an arbitrary incidence structure, where rows are lines and cells are points. Tic-tac-toe's incidence structure consists of nine points, three horizontal lines, three vertical lines, and two diagonal lines, with each line consisting of at least three points.

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An early variation of tic-tac-toe was played in the Roman Empire, around the first century BC. It was called terni lapilli (three pebbles at a time) and instead of having any number of pieces, each player had only three; thus, they had to move them around to empty spaces to keep playing.[9] The game's grid markings have been found chalked all over Rome. Another closely related ancient game is three men's morris which is also played on a simple grid and requires three pieces in a row to finish,[10] and Picaria, a game of the Puebloans.

The different names of the game are more recent. The first print reference to "noughts and crosses" (nought being an alternative word for 'zero'), the British name, appeared in 1858, in an issue of Notes and Queries.[11] The first print reference to a game called "tick-tack-toe" occurred in 1884, but referred to "a children's game played on a slate, consisting of trying with the eyes shut to bring the pencil down on one of the numbers of a set, the number hit being scored".[This quote needs a citation] "Tic-tac-toe" may also derive from "tick-tack", the name of an old version of backgammon first described in 1558. The US renaming of "noughts and crosses" to "tic-tac-toe" occurred in the 20th century.[12]

In 1952, OXO (or Noughts and Crosses), developed by British computer scientist Sandy Douglas for the EDSAC computer at the University of Cambridge, became one of the first known video games.[13][14] The computer player could play perfect games of tic-tac-toe against a human opponent.[13]

In 1975, tic-tac-toe was also used by MIT students to demonstrate the computational power of Tinkertoy elements. The Tinkertoy computer, made out of (almost) only Tinkertoys, is able to play tic-tac-toe perfectly.[15] It is currently on display at the Computer History Museum.[16]

A player can play a perfect game of tic-tac-toe (to win or at least draw) if, each time it is their turn to play, they choose the first available move from the following list, as used in Newell and Simon's 1972 tic-tac-toe program.[19]

Many board games share the element of trying to be the first to get n-in-a-row, including three men's morris, nine men's morris, pente, gomoku, Qubic, Connect Four, Quarto, Gobblet, Order and Chaos, Toss Across, and Mojo. Tic-tac-toe is an instance of an m,n,k-game, where two players alternate taking turns on an mn board until one of them gets k in a row. Harary's generalized tic-tac-toe is an even broader generalization. The game can be generalised even further by playing on an arbitrary hypergraph, where rows are hyperedges and cells are vertices.

Grae and I love playing tic-tac-toe. We play it down in the courtyard with sidewalk chalk, we play it at the beach in the sand, and we play it at restaurants with napkins and pens. So why not play with LEGO too?!

A few weeks ago, I took some time off from work. I was feeling a little burnt out and needed to rest and have some fun. Sometimes that means not coding at all. Other times, it means coding some silly stuff of no real importance. Turns out, coding is still fun after all! I decided to do the latter on my staycation and code up a bunch of silly games. I'm going to share the simplest one with you here: tic-tac-toe.

Before we get started, I want to say that even though I don't build games for a living (or even really as a hobby), coding up a game from time to time is a great way to learn some new skills and patterns. It's also excellent exercise for your brain and trains you to think algorithmically. In fact, I once was asked to code tic-tac-toe in a job interview, so don't scoff at this post. It might help you land a job some day.

For a game like tic-tac-toe, it is simple enough to manually create a starting grid like this. But, as you build more games, you will find that making a function to generate a grid for you will be quite helpful. My generateGrid function looks like this: .css-1lsj9j3{background-color:var(--components-button-background);border:none;border-radius:50%;color:var(--components-button-text);display:inline-block;font-family:var(--fonts-secondary);font-size:12px;line-height:0;padding:0;text-align:center;-webkit-transition:background-color .2s ease,-webkit-transform .1s ease;-webkit-transition:background-color .2s ease,transform .1s ease;transition:background-color .2s ease,transform .1s ease;box-shadow:none;width:20px;height:20px;position:relative;top:-2px;}.css-1lsj9j3:disabled{background-color:var(--colors-offsetMore);}.css-1lsj9j3:disabled:hover{background-color:var(--colors-offsetMore);}.css-1lsj9j3:hover{background-color:var(--components-button-hover-background);color:var(--components-button-hover-text);}.css-1lsj9j3:focus{outline:none;box-shadow:0 0 3px 1px var(--colors-accentDark);}.css-k61g36{position:relative;top:-1px;}

Now that we can easily generate our tic-tac-toe grid, we need to render it. Coincidentally enough, using CSS Grid to display our grid works very well. Here's one of the ways I might approach this with React:

Since this is tic-tac-toe, we style it by giving the grid a background color and using the grid-gap property to "reveal" the grid lines by making each of our cells an offsetting background color. This is a clever and simple way to avoid having to write various borders for each cell.

Learning to code tic-tac-toe can be a gateway to all sorts of other learning. You can now practice building other games, or learn other algorithms. You can even take what you know here and apply it to other languages. Learning to code the same app in different ways is also good practice for your brain.

My sister-in-law, Susan, was the brains behind this project. She and her dad made all the tic-tac-toe boards by sawing a tree trunk into disks. I love that some of them cracked and looked weathered. You can make the boards out of anything you'd like. I've seen them on mini chalkboards, but you could even just draw chalk lines on the sidewalk.

The arrangement of lines in this image might look like an oceanic game of tic-tac-toe, but in fact, the grid can be explained by a relatively common atmospheric feature. Ship tracks are long, narrow clouds that form in the sky over the ocean when water vapor condenses around tiny particles in ship exhaust.

In the latest work, published in Nature Communications, Qian, Philip Petersen and Grigory Tikhomirov first mixed up a solution of nine blank DNA origami tiles in a test tube. Those DNA tiles assembled themselves into a tic-tac-toe grid. Next, two players took turns adding one of nine X or O DNA tiles into the solution. Each of the game pieces was programmed precisely to swap out only one of the tile positions on the original, blank grid, based on the DNA sequences positioned along its edges.

At the start of the game, each tic-tac-toe player gets assigned one of two symbols, either cross (X) or naught (O), which they use to mark locations on the game board. Since there are only two symbols belonging to a fixed set of discrete values, you can define them within an enumerated type or enum. Using enums is preferable over constants due to their enhanced type safety, common namespace, and programmatic access to their members.

The print_solid() function takes a sequence of cells and prints them with an additional gutter around the top-left corner. It contains numbered rows and columns indexed by letters. For example, a partially filled tic-tac-toe grid may look like this on the screen:

I first thought about upcycling it into a tooth fairy tote, but since my oldest son, Rowan, has become obsessed with playing tic-tac-toe (thanks, Papa), I decided an on-the-go game would be of more use to us. e24fc04721