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In British Columbia (BC), wood pellets are made primarily from the residuals left over from the sawmilling process when logs are converted into lumber and other high-value wood products. Increasingly, harvesting residuals in the forest and low-quality logs once left as waste are also a source of raw material for wood pellets. By making wood pellets from fibre that was once burned or left behind, the wood pellet sector is reducing waste and turning that debris into valuable, low carbon biofuel.

Long-living wood products produced from BC trees continue to store carbon while the leftover waste is turned into bioenergy. The cycle continues through reforestation, when new trees are planted and absorb more carbon as they grow. This makes woody biomass, such as wood pellets, a naturally renewable alternative to carbon-intensive sources of energy.

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British Columbian wood pellets are produced entirely from the residuals of sustainably managed forests, and the BC wood pellet sector exists primarily to make better use of forests that are already being harvested.

The EU-Forest dataset is an extremely valuable resource for ecological and conservation studies37. For instance, detailed data on large-scale tree species distribution may help orient conservation efforts by developing accurate biodiversity indicators38, and improve our understanding of how European forests will respond to climate change39,40. Furthermore, considering the importance of wood to the European economy18,41, the information within the dataset will no doubt have strong political and social implications, possibly improving the international transparency on the geo-political distribution of wood resources.

The EU-Forest dataset also has the potential to improve our preparedness with regard to forest pests, and to help mitigate the threats posed by emerging forest diseases42. In particular, drawing detailed maps of tree species that are capable of hosting harmful pathogens could provide an important resource in the context of pest-spread modelling and management43,44. Moreover, EU-Forest could be used in conservation management to accurately map the European distribution of tree species richness and rarity (Fig. 3) and improving our understanding of European tree biogeography (Fig. 4). For example, the dataset has already been used to show how the ecological spatial structure (in terms of nestedness) of actual tree vegetation departs from its natural potential45.

Knowing the distribution of forest tree species is also crucial to support ecosystem services and functions. A common assumption is that these aspects are closely associated to tree diversity, i.e., the more tree species a forest hosts, the higher its overall biodiversity, and the more numerous the ecosystem services it can offer46. This idea, which has clear implications for prioritisation and management, has been confirmed by large-scale studies in North America and part of China47. Nevertheless, it still lacks of convincing support in Europe, mostly due to limitations in the extension and resolution of previously available forest datasets that could not provide comprehensive coverage of diverse climatic and vegetation regions7. The high data density of EU-Forest may provide essential information to fill this knowledge gap.

The views expressed are purely those of the writers and may not under any circumstances be regarded as stating an official position of the European Commission. The authors would like to thank all of the National Forest Inventories that provided the forest data on which our analyses are based. We also thank Mara del Rosario Rueda for providing the data needed for the tree biogeographical comparison and Grinne Mulhern for proofreading the manuscript.

FAO has developed and implemented global terms and definitions of various forest parameters since its first worldwide assessment in 1947. Information presented in FRA Working Paper 1 (FAO 1998) for the current global assessment, FRA 2000, reports on this subject. This paper takes into consideration over 50 years of cumulative experience in FAO working in the field of global forest resources assessments.

One of the major analytical tasks in a global assessment is to group and classify detailed information from national classifications according to global definitions. For this exercise, there are many cases where assumptions or approximations must be made. For example, in FRA 2000, more than 650 definitions of forest were assembled from 132 developing countries (from 110 independent surveys). Reducing this information into a highly compressed and discrete set of global classes was a major challenge. At the same time, the original classifications are kept in the Forestry Information System (FORIS) making it possible to make alternative interpretations of national data, should this be needed.

The Kyoto Protocol raises the issue of forest and forest change definitions. KP identifies three change parameters (deforestation, afforestation and reforestation) as a basis for carbon monitoring. The idea is that these area change parameters will give an indication on how the forest carbon storage changes. The current understanding of these definitions definitions, as reflected in the Special Report on Land Use, Land-use Change and Forestry (IPCC 2000) is not far from FAO's definitions. Given the importance of the atmospheric carbon issue, and how forests interact with the atmosphere, FAO is presently reviewing its definitions, and improving its terminology with the intent of making it applicable for carbon studies. At the same time, it should be noted that the FAO definitions must also take other land use perspectives into consideration.

The increasing demand for forest products and restricted use of natural forests has resulted in a shortage of high-strength wood fiber. The area covered by plantation forests is steadily rising, but the fiber produced by these forests is often unsuitable for high-strength applications. One attempt to combat this problem is the viscoelastic thermal compression (VTC) process, which can dramatically increase the strength and stiffness of any wood species.

To advance VTC wood from the concept evaluation stage to the development stage, concept testing interviews were conducted with individuals in the forest products industry. Opinions, ideas, and insights were gathered from interviewees concerning potential applications for VTC wood, as well as advantages and barriers to commercialization.

As a whole, interviewees thought the most viable uses for VTC wood were laminated veneer lumber, plywood, concrete forms, transportation components, and flooring. The most frequently mentioned advantages to commercialization included increased mechanical properties and the utilization of a low-value wood species; barriers to commercialization were cost and the forest products industry's resistance to change. Overall, interviewees thought VTC wood would be successful as long as it was not markedly more expensive than similar products.

He takes a job sending feature stories from Europe to The Toronto Star. With letters of introduction from author Sherwood Anderson, he and Hadley move to Paris. In Europe, Hemingway covers a wide variety of events, including a war and a peace conference. He meets the poet Ezra Pound in Paris who, along with authors Gertrude Stein, F. Scott Fitzgerald and James Joyce, come to appreciate Hemingway's work. Hemingway would be aware of their intense aesthetic currents, responding to some of them in his own writing. Pound's compressed poetry, for example, would complement the spare style Hemingway learned as a journalist beginning at The Kansas City Star.

Snowmaking shortcuts Nature's process. There's no evaporation phase. Rather, water is forced through a specialized nozzle or "gun" where it collides with highly pressurized air. The compressed air shatters the stream of water into minute particles and launches them into the atmosphere where they freeze and fall to the ground.

There are two basic weapons in the snowmaker's arsenal; guns which work with compressed air and airless guns. Compressed air guns utilize compressed air to propel water droplets into the atmosphere where they crystallize and fall to the ground as snow. These air/water guns actually work better in warmer temperatures which is why they are favored by local resorts but they require a lot of infrastructure to support them: two sets of pipes running up the mountain (one for air and one for water), and a pumping and compressing facility at the base of the mountain. The other major type of snow making gun is the airless gun. These contraptions look like oil barrels with fans at the back of them. Airless guns spray water out of small nozzles similar to the spray valves on garden hoses. The nozzles ring a large, electrically powered fan in the center of the "barrel." The fan disrupts the jets of water into small droplets and propels them into the air.

Airless guns are very expensive to buy - typically costing $10,000 or more per unit. But they're cheaper to operate than air-water guns because no air compressor system is required. Additionally, rather than constructing a second pipe to transport compressed air, a resort needs only to install a heavy-duty electrical line along the side of a trail.

Global 30m forest cover loss map (Hansen et al 2013) for 2001-2019 (updated to include 2020, 2021 and 2022) is disaggregated into forest loss due to fire vs. other disturbance drivers. The map matches the sample-based area estimates of forest loss due to fire SE for all continents except Africa. This allows producing sub-regional map-based area estimates with a measure of uncertainty. The sum of map pixels with code 4 (high certainty of forest loss due to fire) corresponds to sample area estimate minus SE, adding code 3 (medium certainty) to code 4 (high certainty) pixels results in map area matching the sample-based area estimate, and adding code 2 (low certainty) pixels to codes 3 and 4 (medium and high certainty) yields map area matching sample area estimate plus SE. Code 5 corresponds to all forest loss due to fire in Africa; code 1 corresponds to forest loss due to other (non-fire) drivers. e24fc04721