Alamut, which is the most famous of these strongholds, was thought impregnable to any military attack and was fabled for its heavenly gardens, library, and laboratories where philosophers, scientists, and theologians could debate in intellectual freedom.[1]

By the time of Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad's murder in 1255, the Mongols had already attacked a number of the Ismaili strongholds in Quhistan. Imam 'Ala al-Din Muhammad was succeeded by his eldest son Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah who engaged in a long series of negotiations with invading Mongols, and under whose leadership, the Alamut castle was surrendered to the Mongols.[13]


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When his brother, king Cambyses, was conquering Egypt, someone calling himself Smerdis rebelled and became sole ruler of the Achaemenid empire after Cambyses' had died of natural causes. According to the Behistun inscription, this Smerdis' rule started on 11 March 522 BCE, and this is corroborated by the dating of letters in Babylonia; on 1 July he formally became king. The new king was killed, however, by the Persian prince Darius, on 29 September in a stronghold in Media called Sikayauvati.

For instance, Herodotus states explicitly that the Magians were a Median tribe. It is also remarkable that the new king took Sikayauvati as his residence: this stronghold has been identified with Ziwiye near rnshh, a little south of Lake Urmia in the northwest of modern Iran - almost as far away from Persia as possible. From Herodotus we know that he proclaimed a three years' remission of taxes and military service to every nation within his dominion: a measure that can probably best be explained when we accept that the king felt a warm sympathy for the subject nations and cherished no particularly warm feelings about Persia.note[Herodotus, Histories 3.67.]

Spending a day with the vivacious chef inevitably involves site visits to Tehran's best eateries, frequent stops at ancient architectural sites in Tehran's old - pre-revolution - streets, and of course photo-ops with his growing fan base who, in spite of his disguise of baseball cap and sun glasses, manage to spot him. Our bumpy, fast-paced taxi ride spits us out at the old shopping district of Tehran - the bustling financial stronghold of antique dealers predominantly owned by Iran's Jewish merchants. It's delightful to see that the thriving Jewish community of Tehran has not lost its pre-revolution stronghold on the financial, carpet and antiques industry here. Rushing through the bustling streets of Manuchehri, in central Tehran, flanked by Ferdowsi and Saadi streets - named after renowned 7th and 13th century Persian poets respectively - endless lines of antique shops showcase estate jewels, antique ceramics, pottery, sculptures and retro collectables catering to eager shoppers practicing the fine art of bargaining - which seems to be a national sport.

Iran contains more than 75% of leopard's extant range (Jacobson et al., 2016) and serves as a source for neighboring countries (Sanei et al., 2016). Iranian leopards are comprised of a monophyletic clade and are of the same maternal origin (Farhadinia et al., 2015). Their taxonomy as a distinct subspecies still remains obscure until further evaluations, but for the time being this subspecies is traditionally assigned to P. p. saxicolor (Yusefi, Faizolahi, Darvish, Safi, & Brito, 2019), as some studies investigating craniological patterns and molecular genetics showed that Iran is inhabited only by P. p. saxicolor (Farhadinia et al., 2015). According to unsubstantiated estimates, between 550 and 850 leopards are distributed within about 6,050 km2 in Iran, specifically in two great mountain ranges, the Zagros Mountains in the west and the Alborz Mountains in the north, which makes Iran the main stronghold of the leopard (Erfanian, Mirkarimi, Mahini, & Rezaei, 2013; Sharbafi, Farhadinia, Rezaie, & Braczkowski, 2016; Yusefi et al., 2019).

In recent times the Gaelic language has experienced a renaissance and is enjoying new levels of popularity. Although the Highlands and Islands are the stronghold of the Gaelic language, the number of speakers is steadily increasing and Gaelic speakers can be found in all parts of the country. The introduction of bilingual road signs and a dedicated Gaelic TV channel mean you are never far from an encounter with the Gaelic language.

Fearing an imminent move to the Taleban stronghold of Kandahar, the women and their six colleagues said they were amazed when Taleban control collapsed in Ghazni. Heather Mercer said the experience is one she will never forget. "That was the most amazing thing I've ever seen," she said. "To come into a country and be taken captive by one government and then to walk out of prison a free person under a new government, to see a city changed in just a moment. The women had taken off their burqa's (veils). All of the villagers were out in the streets cheering. To see people out in the streets, playing music, shooting off their guns with great rejoicing. I really believe a good day will come for Afghanistan, and it really was a precious time to be a part of that." e24fc04721

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