The Army started working on developing the all-volunteer force well before the draft ended. According to Nicholas Torre, an Army Historian with the U.S. Army Center of Military History, in April 1971, a transitionary program called VOLAR, named for the new Volunteer Army Program, was successfully implemented at select bases. VOLAR was an experiment designed to increase retention rates and morale among Soldiers and to attract those who wanted to serve. The results were promising. For example, reforms at Fort Carson that aligned with the principles of VOLAR resulted in a 45% increase of reenlistments.

U.S. Air Force Airmen dance during the Air Force Ball at the McNease Convention Center, San Angelo, Texas, Sept. 23, 2023. The ball celebrated the 30th anniversary of the 17th TRW as well as the 76th anniversary of the U.S. Air Force. (U.S. Air Force photo by Senior Airman Sarah Williams)


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1990s:  USAF played a major role in the swift defeat of the Iraqi military forces in the first Persian Gulf War: The Air Force underwent a major reorganization with the formation of Air Combat Command, Air Mobility Command, and Air Force Materiel Command. The USAF supported the war in the Balkans, and the US intervention Operation Uphold Democracy in Haiti.

2000 -- Present: The Expeditionary Air Force concept was a major transition in how the Air Force employed forces. The Global War on Terrorism brought the USAF into Operation ENDURING FREEDOM and Operation IRAQI FREEDOM.

Whether measured by training and education, level of experience, or mindset, the career enlisted forces are much more professional than their draft-induced predecessors. In recent years, 97 percent of recruits across the services have held a high school diploma, compared with 71 percent in the last decade of the draft. These better-educated young men and women are equipped to take advantage of a vast increase in training and education. The percentage of Navy recruits sent to A-schools to train for specialist occupational ratings has jumped from about 60 percent to more than 90 percent. The expansion of enlisted education has culminated in the current plan to have all enlisted sailors and Marines enrolled in the new U.S. Naval Community College on enlistment.

These investments in human capital have given the services ever-greater incentives to hold on to their forces. For fiscal year 2020, according to the Navy, 69 percent of sailors serving six years or less decided to reenlist. Compare that with the year before the draft ended, when fewer than 16 percent of sailors reenlisted at the end of their first terms.

None of these results was foreordained. The first years of the all-volunteer force were rocky, with high attrition and deep concerns about the quality of recruits. Years passed before Washington found the political will to spend enough to attract and retain enlistees. Even more important, the armed forces needed answers to tough questions about how to recruit, pay, retain, train, and measure the effectiveness of volunteers in ever-changing economic and strategic environments. A survey of those questions tells the story of the creation of the professional enlisted forces.

Analyses repeatedly recommended larger and more targeted reenlistment bonuses, and both Congress and the Navy have made good use of this guidance. Though SRB levels have varied widely over the years, the current maximum reenlistment bonus of $100,000 is twice as large today as it was in the early years of the all-volunteer force (in constant dollars).

When the all-volunteer force was launched, much of the training in the Marine Corps and Navy was accomplished on the job. On the face of it, formal courses were clearly more expensive. But analyses in the 1970s and 1980s examined hidden costs of on-the-job training. The time senior personnel lost supervising untrained sailors and the lower productivity of those seamen both indicated that spending for A-schools could save in the long term.

Nearly unheard of in the conscription years was education for enlisted forces that went beyond practical military skills and could lead to college degrees. Since the late 1980s, the Marine Corps has been at the forefront of enlisted education, inspired by Commandant General Alfred Gray and carried forward by his successor, General Charles Krulak. Academies for noncommissioned officers were established and brought together under Marine Corps University. Enlisted professional military education became a central criterion for promotion at all but the most junior ranks.

Throughout the first two decades, skeptics questioned the quality of the all-volunteer force. Even during the buildup to the first Gulf War, memos circulated about the need to renew conscription. Analysts had argued for years that the all-volunteer force was a better fighting force, but it took a war to silence the critics.

U.S. Air Force Lt. Gen. Alexus G. Grynkewich, Ninth Air Force (Air Forces Central) commander, meets with leaders and representatives at the USAF 75th anniversary celebration at the U.S. Embassy in Amman, Jordan, Aug. 25, 2022. The ceremony included a formation flyover led by the Royal Jordanian Air Force which underscores the strength of the U.S.-Jordanian security partnership and the importance of partner nation coordination and interoperability. (U.S. Air Force photo by Senior Airman Dominic Tyler)

U.S. Air Force Lt. Gen. Alexus G. Grynkewich, Ninth Air Force (Air Forces Central) commander, stands for the U.S. National Anthem with leaders and representatives at the USAF 75th anniversary celebration at the U.S. Embassy in Amman, Jordan, Aug. 25, 2022. The ceremony included a formation flyover led by the Royal Jordanian Air Force which underscores the strength of the U.S.-Jordanian security partnership and the importance of partner nation coordination and interoperability. (U.S. Air Force photo by Senior Airman Dominic Tyler)

U.S. Air Force Lt. Gen. Alexus G. Grynkewich, Ninth Air Force (Air Forces Central} commander, speaks at the USAF 75th anniversary celebration at the U.S. Embassy in Amman, Jordan, Aug. 25, 2022. The ceremony included a formation flyover led by the Royal Jordanian Air Force which underscores the strength of the U.S.-Jordanian security partnership and the importance of partner nation coordination and interoperability. (U.S. Air Force photo by Senior Airman Dominic Tyler)

Three historical Italian aircraft, from the Fondazione Jonathan Collection, soar the skies during an Italian Air Force 100th anniversary event at Aviano Air Base, Italy, Sept. 6, 2023. The flyover was a significant part of the celebration and consisted of an Italian Tiger Moth, left, Italian Spad XIII R, middle, and Italian Caproni Ca.3, right. (U.S. Air Force photo by Senior Airman Thomas Calopedis)

An Italian Caproni Ca.3 is displayed during an Italian Air Force 100th anniversary event at Aviano Air Base, Italy, Sept. 6, 2023. During World War I, ITAF flew Capronis out of Aviano AB in the fight against Austro-Hungarian forces. (U.S. Air Force photo by Senior Airman Thomas Calopedis)

Members of the local community observe an Italian Tiger Moth after a historical flyover during an Italian Air Force 100th anniversary event at Aviano Air Base, Italy, Sept. 6, 2023. The flyover was a significant part of the celebration and gave both military and civilians an opportunity to interact with aviators and build relationships within the local community. (U.S. Air Force photo by Senior Airman Thomas Calopedis)

An Italian Spad XIII, right, and an Italian Tiger Moth, left, are displayed during an Italian Air Force 100th anniversary event at Aviano Air Base, Italy, Sept. 6, 2023. The Spad, Tiger Moth and Italian Caproni Ca.3 displayed are replicas that were rebuilt as part of a project based in Nervesa della Battaglia, Italy. (U.S. Air Force photo by Senior Airman Thomas Calopedis)

An Italian Spad XIII is displayed during an Italian Air Force 100th anniversary event at Aviano Air Base, Italy, Sept. 6, 2023. Over 300 of the Spad XIII and its predecessor, the Spad VII, were used by the Italian Air Force from 1917 to 1930 in numerous operational departments and flight schools. (U.S. Air Force photo by Senior Airman Thomas Calopedis)

A U.S. Air Force HH-60G Pave Hawk along with numerous historical Italian aircraft are displayed during an Italian Air Force 100th anniversary event at Aviano Air Base, Italy, Sept. 6, 2023. The celebration helped strengthen the relationship between the U.S. Air Force, ITAF and the local community. (U.S. Air Force photo by Senior Airman Thomas Calopedis)

Three aircraft, the Italian Caproni Ca.3, the Italian Tiger Moth and the Italian Spad XIII R, recreations of Italian Air Force World War I era planes, flew over Aviano Air Base in celebration of Italian Air Force 100th Anniversary. The Caproni bombers flew out of Aviano AB in the fight against Austro-Hungarian forces, marking a significant milestone in ITAF history.

Sky Force 2014 is the tenth-year anniversary remake of the original shoot-'em-up game, Sky Force. Also more commonly known as Sky Force Anniversary, the remake was released for Android/iOS (collectively Mobile), Apple TV, Steam (PC), and Console.

The 75th anniversary will be celebrated throughout 2023, but the official anniversary date is Aug. 1. The Monthly Observance Calendar will include region overviews, lines of operation and decades. January, for example, will commemorate the 1st Field Investigations Region, Criminal Investigations and OSI's inception during the 1940s.

Since the end of military conscription in the United States, Hicks said, more than 11 million have joined active-duty service. Today, she said, more than 1.5 million men and women serve in the uniform across the total force.

While the all-volunteer force has proven successful, Hicks said, in recent years the military services have faced ever increasing challenges in recruiting volunteers to serve. She said there's a variety of reasons for this. ff782bc1db

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