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The shehnai is a musical instrument, originating from the Indian subcontinent. It is made of wood, with a double reed at one end and a metal or wooden flared bell at the other end.[1][2][3] Its sound is thought to create and maintain a sense of auspiciousness and sanctity and as a result, is one of the nine instruments found in the royal court. The shehnai is similar to South India's nadaswaram.

This tubular instrument gradually broadens towards the lower end. It usually has between six and nine holes. It employs one set of quadruple reeds, making it a quadruple reed woodwind. To master the instrument, the musician must employ various and intricate embouchure and fingering techniques.[1]

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The counterparts to the shehnai played in Western India and Coastal Karnataka are indigenous to the territory. Shehnai players were/are an integral part of Goan/Konkani region and the temples along the western coast and the players are called Vajantri and were allotted lands for services rendered to the temples.[5]

The film narrates the story of a Shehnai player, and features a shehnai recitals by maestro Ustad Bismillah Khan throughout the film.[2] There is also Jugalbandi between him and Sitar player, Abdul Halim Jaffar Khan.[3]

The soundtrack includes the following tracks, composed by Vasant Desai, and with lyrics by Bharat Vyas, also featuring shehnai pieces by noted classical instrumentalist Ustad Bismillah Khan, with vocal renderings by Amir Khan, a Hindustani classical music vocalist.[5][6]

Khan was a devout Muslim but performed at both Hindu and Muslim ceremonies and was considered a symbol of religious harmony. His fame was such that he was selected to perform for the ceremony at Delhi's historic Red Fort as the Indian flag unfurled at the hour of India's independence on August 15, 1947. His music was played on television every Independence Day. He turned down invitations to perform in other countries before 1966, when the Indian government insisted that he play at the Edinburgh International Festival. This gained him a following in the West, and he continued to appear in Europe and North America thereafter.[3]

In 2001, Bismillah Khan was awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour, and the country observed a national day of mourning following his death in 2006. He became the third classical musician of India after M. S. Subbalakshmi and Ravi Shankar to be awarded the Bharat Ratna.[4][5]

Bismillah Khan was born on 21 March 1916 into a family of traditional Muslim musicians at the town of Dumraon, British India, as the second son of Paigambar Bux Khan and Mitthanbai.[6][5] His father was a court musician employed in the court of Maharaja Keshav Prasad Singh of Dumraon Estate in Bihar. His two grandfathers Ustad Salar Hussain Khan and Rasool Bux Khan were also musicians in the Dumraon palace.[6] He was named Qamruddin at birth, to rhyme with his elder brother's name Shamsuddin. Upon seeing the new born, his grandfather Rasool Baksh Khan, also a shehnai player, is said to have exclaimed "Bismillah", or "In the name of Allah", and thereafter he came to be known by Ustad Bismillah Khan.[1][5]

At the age of three, he moved to Varanasi in the state of Uttar Pradesh,[2] to be apprenticed to his maternal uncle, Ali Bux 'Vilayatu' Khan, a shehnai player attached to the Kashi Vishwanath Temple. At the age of 14, Bismillah accompanied his uncle to the Allahabad music conference.[7]

Bismillah Khan began his career by playing at various stage shows. He got his first major break in 1937, when he played at a concert at All India Music Conference in Kolkata or Calcutta. This performance brought Shehnai into the limelight and was hugely appreciated by music lovers. He then went on to play in many countries including Afghanistan, USA, Canada, Bangladesh, Iran, Iraq, West Africa, Japan, Hong Kong and in various parts of Europe. During his illustrious career he played in many prominent events throughout the world. Some of the events that he played in include World Exposition in Montreal, Cannes Art Festival and Osaka Trade Fair.[8]

Sangeet Natak Akademi, New Delhi, instituted the Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar in 2007, in his honour. It is given to young artists in the field of music, theatre and dance. The Government of Bihar has proposed setting up of a museum, a town hall-cum-library and installation of a life-size statue at his birthplace in Dumraon.[17]

Khan had a brief association with films in India. He played the shehnai for Rajkumar's role of Appanna in the Vijay's Kannada-language film Sanaadi Appanna which became a blockbuster. He acted in Jalsaghar by Satyajit Ray and provided sound of shehnai in Vijay Bhatt's Goonj Uthi Shehnai(1959).

IN September 2012, I had begun a monthly series on Indian musical instruments. The aim was two-fold: one, to make Indian readers aware of certain artistes they might not have heard before, and secondly, to expose relatively new audiences, mainly from the West, to the melodic or rhythmic beauty that various Indian instruments offer.

In this series, I shall not go into too many technicalities and playing styles. I shall focus on how the instrument is used in different genres, and mention the leading performers in each style. However, while I have tried to name all the main musicians, the lists mentioned are by no means exhaustive or complete. In all parts of the series, I shall use a similar format to maintain uniformity, and some portions on the concert structure may be repeated verbatim if needed.

WHEN one talks of the shehnai, only one name comes to mind. For over six decades till he passed away on August 21, 2006, Ustad Bismillah Khan was single-handedly identified with this wind instrument, making it popular in Hindustani classical music and elevating it to concert stage status.

Here, we shall discuss both instruments separately, mention the main musicians playing them, and talk about how some western musicians have also played them. But before that, we shall try and figure out what reed instruments are.

Single reeds are mostly used in saxophones and clarinets, whereas double reeds are found in the oboe, bassoon, English horn, the European shawm, the Arabic mizmar and many ethnic instruments, besides the shehnai and nadaswaram. Free reeds are used in various global folk instruments, and also in the harmonica, accordion and harmonium.

Shehnai: Like the santoor, discussed in the previous part of the series, the shehnai has relatively fewer practitioners compared to the sitar, sarod and bansuri (bamboo flute). Yet, it remains hugely popular among Indian classical music fans, mainly because of the serene and spiritual music it produces.

How shehnai is played: In any concert, the musician sits cross legged. He could either play it alone with tabla accompaniment, or as was often done by Bismillah Khan, assisted by three or four other shehnai players.

A concert usually begins with the rendition of a classical raga, the melodic mode used in Indian music. After that, shehnai players usually play many light, folk pieces or devotional pieces like the thumri, kajri, chaiti, hori or bhajan.

Bismillah Khan rarely accepted disciples, but because of his close association with Sikh spiritual leader Satguru Jagjit Singh JI, taught a few musicians who played the stringed instrument tarshehnai at their religious functions, and guided them on how to play the wind instrument. His other disciples included Sailesh Bhagwat and Bageshri Qamar, who is also one of the few females to play the instrument. The maestro has also guided thumri singer Soma Ghosh, his adopted daughter.

Nadaswaram: Like the shehnai is in north India, the nadaswaram is considered very auspicious in south India. It is played in many Hindu weddings and even in temples, accompanied by the percussion instrument thavil, and sometimes by a wind instrument called ottu, which provides the backdrop drone.

Bismillah Khan played the shehnai through the 1959 Hindi film Goonj Uthi Shehnai, which even had a duet between him and sitar maestro Ustad Abdul Halim Jaffer Khan. He also played in the 1977 Kannada movie Sanadi Appanna, which is about a shehnai player.

The manipulation of the fingering technique, whether fully closing or partially closing the holes, determines the production of musical notes. Additionally, the positioning of the jaw, tongue, and lips contributes to the creation of various musical expressions.

While Bismillah Khan is widely recognized as the face of the Shehnai, those who closely follow Hindustani classical music may also be familiar with other notable Shehnai players. These include Pandit S. Ballesh, Anant Lal, Ram Lal, Raghunath Prasanna, Ali Hussain Khan, Krishna Ram Chaudhury, Lokesh Anand, and Ali Ahmed Hussain.

Though it may appear simple, many wind instruments are difficult to learn and are dependent on a variety of factors. Wind instruments are fascinating because of their variety and application in a wide range of musical genres. People enjoy playing them in orchestras, bands, and chamber ensembles, but there is also a lot of solo repertoires.

The flute is primarily a lyrical instrument with a clear and brilliant sound that has a unique warmth, delicacy, and nuance to it. It is a type of musical instrument that belongs to the woodwind family. The flute is a reedless wind instrument, unlike woodwind instruments with reeds. It produces sound by moving air across an opening. It produces sound when a stream of air directed against the edge of a hole, causes the air within the body of the instrument to vibrate.

The shehnai is an oboe from north India. Its sound is thought to be particularly auspicious and found in temples for this reason. In addition to this, it is an essential component of any North Indian wedding. Shehnai was one among nine instruments related to the sets of royal courts. This instrument usually relates to the nadaswaram, which is a very vital part of South Indian music. e24fc04721