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Salient first popped up in English as a word referring to the act of leaping. It is from the Latin verb salire, which means "to leap." Today, salient is usually used to describe things that "leap out," such as the salient features of a painting or the salient points in an argument.

Salients can be formed in a number of ways. An attacker can produce a salient in the defender's line by either intentionally making a pincer movement around the military flanks of a strongpoint, which becomes the tip of the salient, or by making a broad, frontal attack which is held up in the centre but advances on the flanks. An attacker would usually produce a salient in his own line by making a broad, frontal attack that is successful only in the center, which becomes the tip of the salient. A salient can also be formed if the attacking army feigns retreat, tricking the defending forces to chase them down, leading to the main army being on all sides in a pre-arranged ambush.[1]

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In trench warfare, salients are distinctly defined by the opposing lines of trenches, and they were commonly formed by the failure of a broad frontal attack. The static nature of the trenches meant that forming a pocket was difficult, but the vulnerable nature of salients meant that they were often the focus of attrition battles.

By contrast, salient human rights issues are not defined in reference to any one audience or goal. Salience puts the focus on those human rights at risk of the most severe negative impact. This provides a consistent, predictable and principled means of identifying the appropriate focus of human rights reporting. At the same time, it gives business an effective tool for understanding how human rights issues connect with risk to the business.

Identifying salient human rights issues is critical for any company seeking to understand how the most severe kinds of harm to people might be associated with its activities and business relationships. It is the first stage of human rights due diligence and a vital internal process that gets companies out in front of risks and enables them to address them proactively.

A company that can articulate its salient human rights issues and how it identified them can show to investors and other stakeholders that it is doing human rights due diligence and identifying issues that need active management. That should be a minimum expectation of any investor. Where the company finds risks of severe impacts on human rights, the investor should then expect to have information about how those are being managed. The UNGP Reporting Framework provides the targeted questions for companies to do so.

Researchers have long debated whether salient stimuli can involuntarily 'capture' visual attention. We review here evidence for a recently discovered inhibitory mechanism that may help to resolve this debate. This evidence suggests that salient stimuli naturally attempt to capture attention, but capture can be avoided if the salient stimulus is suppressed before it captures attention. Importantly, the suppression process can be more or less effective as a result of changing task demands or lapses in cognitive control. Converging evidence for the existence of this suppression mechanism comes from multiple sources, including psychophysics, eye-tracking, and event-related potentials (ERPs). We conclude that the evidence for suppression is strong, but future research will need to explore the nature and limits of this mechanism.

Following an extensive review of the literature on mentoring undergraduate research, ten salient practices emerged which support effective mentoring of undergraduate researchers. These practices can be used to develop a mentoring pedagogy of high quality.

Imagine you are someone who watches the news and sees several news stories of violence in your city. Although your likelihood of being a victim of violence has not changed, the memory of violence in your city remains salient in your mind and makes you feel more vulnerable when leaving your home.

While the ability to quickly detect what is important and deserving of attentional resources is an important survival and learning mechanism, our predisposition to focus on the most prominent and emotionally striking details at hand leads us to ignore potentially vital pieces of information. In turn, this can prompt us to make suboptimal decisions such as forgoing healthy eating because the smell and taste of unhealthy foods are more salient than details related to how they may affect our health.

The impacts of the salience bias at a systemic level are far-reaching and highly consequential. For example, businesses often run into planning errors and delays because of a failure to account for less salient aspects of their operations such as administrative tasks or other ancillary steps that must be taken. The salience bias can also be considered a crucial obstacle for environmental protection and climate change mitigation efforts. For many people, the benefits of a warm shower are immediate and perceptible, but the water and energy costs are much less so. As a result, the salience bias impedes us from focusing on the actions required to protect the environment.

Some elements may become salient over time as we gain the habit of noticing them only at a particular moment. For example, we may pay no attention to the cars passing us by in the street until the very moment we wish to cross the street, in which case the cars suddenly become our primary focus. Another example would be if you find certain smells or sounds particularly salient because they were present in your childhood home when you were growing up.

What we do and our personal interests can also affect what we find salient. Someone who works in fashion, for example, will be more likely to notice fashion-related details than someone whose primary interest lies elsewhere. Additionally, an avid listener of music could find a tune or melody that they enjoy to be particularly salient if they heard it while walking down the street.

Hunt Allcott and Nathan Wozny illustrate this bias in their study of how consumers undervalue future gasoline costs relative to purchase prices when they choose automobiles. Their research demonstrates that consumers are commonly indifferent to whether or not their car will lower their future gas costs, possibly because they are swayed by other salient aspects of the car. Thus, being aware of the salience bias can enable consumers to make well-informed decisions that may save them money down the road.9

When shopping for a new car, consumers will know that they should consider fuel efficiency, yet they are drawn to attractive features of the car that provide no financial incentive. Many consumers ultimately purchase a car that has salient features despite the fact that this was not the financially prudent decision.

Confidence-based gating. The segmentation network is trained to produce high-quality alpha mattes for salient objects in the scene without being constrained to any specific semantic categories. However, the inherently ill-posed nature of this task can lead to surprising results at times. To avoid presenting such unexpected results to the user, we train a separate lightweight branch that takes the terminal encoder features as the input and outputs the likelihood of the input image containing a salient subject. Any results produced by the segmentation branch are only presented to the user if this confidence is sufficiently high.

Evaluating model quality. During model development, we tracked metrics commonly used in salient object segmentation research, such as mean pixel-wise intersection-over-union (IoU), precision, and recall. While these were useful for iterating on the model, we found them insufficient at capturing many nuances that lead to a compelling and useful product experience. To better measure these, we employed crowd evaluation, where human annotators rated the output of our model on a held-out test set. This allowed us to focus on areas of improvement that would have been difficult to identify using conventional metrics.

Below are examples of targets with salient visual features highlighted in the preferred visual color. The use of color supports the individual with CVI in attending to detail. The more individuals with CVI make sense of detail, the more they are able to build neural pathways in the ventral stream of the brain's visual system. The more connectivity in the ventral stream, the more they are able to use central vision, which leads to learning how to read visual print and, in general, increase access to visual world. (Note: Both Google Slides and You Doodle were used to create these images.)

Below are examples of the language to use when teaching salient features of words. Refer to An Approach to Literacy for the progression of interventions to support literacy for students with CVI and how the example words below are introduced and eventually used in a story.

Dr. Roman-Lantzy describes novelty, salient features, and comparative thought in the two videos below. Check out her YouTube channel, Roman on CVI, to learn more about the CVI characteristics, instructional methodologies, and environmental adaptions.

The central amygdala (CeA) is implicated in a range of mental processes including attention, motivation, memory formation and extinction and in behaviours driven by either aversive or appetitive stimuli1,2,3,4,5,6,7. How it participates in these divergent functions remains elusive. Here we show that somatostatin-expressing (Sst+) CeA neurons, which mediate much of CeA functions3,6,8,9,10, generate experience-dependent and stimulus-specific evaluative signals essential for learning. The population responses of these neurons in mice encode the identities of a wide range of salient stimuli, with the responses of separate subpopulations selectively representing the stimuli that have contrasting valences, sensory modalities or physical properties (for example, shock and water reward). These signals scale with stimulus intensity, undergo pronounced amplification and transformation during learning, and are required for both reward and aversive learning. Notably, these signals contribute to the responses of dopamine neurons to reward and reward prediction error, but not to their responses to aversive stimuli. In line with this, Sst+ CeA neuron outputs to dopamine areas are required for reward learning, but are dispensable for aversive learning. Our results suggest that Sst+ CeA neurons selectively process information about differing salient events for evaluation during learning, supporting the diverse roles of the CeA. In particular, the information for dopamine neurons facilitates reward evaluation. e24fc04721