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Guardian, Lovell, and Nemaguard peach rootstocks were evaluated for their susceptibility and growth response to two isolates of Pratylenchus vulnus. One nematode isolate was obtained from peach in Georgia (P. vulnus [GA-isolate]) and the other from apple in Idaho (P. vulnus [ID-isolate]). Nematode reproduction and pathogenicity as related to rootstock were determined 29 months after inoculation in outdoor microplots. All rootstocks were susceptible to both nematode isolates. Guardian supported a greater number of nematodes per gram dry root weight than Lovell or Nemaguard rootstocks. All rootstocks supported greater numbers of P. vulnus (GA-isolate) than P. vulnus (ID-isolate). Tree growth among the three rootstocks was similar in the presence of either P. vulnus isolate, but growth suppression was greatest in P. vulnus (GA-isolate) plots, intermediate in P. vulnus (ID-isolate) plots, and least in the uninoculated plots.

The top level actor, also called the user guardian actor, is created along with the ActorSystemActorSystem. Messages sent to the actor system are directed to the root actor. The root actor is defined by the behavior used to create the ActorSystem, named HelloWorldMain in the example below:

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For very simple applications the guardian may contain the actual application logic and handle messages. As soon as the application handles more than one concern the guardian should instead just bootstrap the application, spawn the various subsystems as children and monitor their lifecycles.

The guardian actor should be responsible for initialization of tasks and create the initial actors of the application, but sometimes you might want to spawn new actors from the outside of the guardian actor. For example creating one actor per HTTP request.

That is not difficult to implement in your behavior, but since this is a common pattern there is a predefined message protocol and implementation of a behavior for this. It can be used as the guardian actor of the ActorSystemActorSystem, possibly combined with Behaviors.setupBehaviors.setup to start some initial tasks or actors. Child actors can then be started from the outside by telltelling or askasking SpawnProtocol.SpawnSpawnProtocol.Spawn to the actor reference of the system. Using ask is similar to how ActorSystem.actorOf can be used in classic actors with the difference that a FutureCompletionStage of the ActorRefActorRef is returned.

The peach root-knot nematode (RKN), Meloidogyne floridensis (Handoo et al., 2004), is an important parasite that can severely impact commercial peach production because of its capability to overcome RKN resistance in peach rootstocks. This nematode species was first described in Florida in 2004 (Handoo et al., 2004) where it is currently found in 12 counties (Brito et al., 2015) and was recently detected in two counties in California (Westphal et al., 2019).

In 2018 to 2019, during surveys for nematodes in three declining peach orchards in Edgefield County, South Carolina, several plant parasitic nematodes including a RKN were found in soil and root samples. Excavated roots of Prunus persica showed strong gall symptoms (Fig. 1). Nematode species identification was performed using both morphological and molecular methods at the Plant Pest Diagnostics Center, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, California. The RKN was identified as Meloidogyne floridensis in samples from two of the peach orchards. The rootstock used in these orchards was Guardian peach, which is reportedly resistant to M. incognita and M. javanica (Nyczepir et al., 1999) but not to a Florida Meloidogyne isolate (Nyczepir and Beckman 2000), which later was described and named as M. floridensis (Handoo et al., 2004).

A few years ago I went to a fruit conference in MI. One fruit specialist had done a lot of research on cold tolerance of peach rootstocks. Guardian came out on top (most cold tolerant) in his research.

I like that it has bacterial canker resistance. Perhaps it wont make much difference as the canker seems on the trunk or limbs rather than root stock and the cankers may not be always bacterial but instead fungal? Either way, it seems to be a better choice than having a lower resistance.

Root, G. F. & Dawn, L. M. (1865) Farewell father, friend and guardian: song and chorus.Words by L.M. Dawn; music by Geo. F. Root. S. Brainard's sons, Cleveland, Ohio. [Notated Music] Retrieved from the Library of Congress,

Root, George F, and L. M Dawn. Farewell father, friend and guardian: song and chorus.Words by L.M. Dawn; music by Geo. F. Root. S. Brainard's sons, Cleveland, Ohio, 1865. Notated Music. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, .

Rootstocks are used in many tree fruit systems to provide growth advantages and/or pest and disease resistance without affecting (or sometimes improving) productivity and fruit quality. In Florida, stone fruit are grown on rootstocks that specifically provide resistance to the peach root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne floridensis (Sherman et al. 1991; Handoo, et al. 2004). Although several root-knot nematode-resistant rootstocks are available for stone fruit grown in other locations and climates, 'Flordaguard' peach rootstock is currently the only rootstock recommended for stone fruit production in Florida.

Root-knot nematodes (M. incognita and M. javanica) have historically been the most important species of root-knot nematodes parasitizing peach in the southeastern United States peach industry. 'Guardian', 'Nemaguard', 'Nemared', and 'Okinawa' rootstocks are resistant to these species of nematode. However, in 1966, a new species of root-knot nematode was detected on 'Nemaguard' and 'Okinawa' peach rootstocks in Gainesville, Florida, and ultimately identified as M. floridensis (Handoo et al. 2004). This nematode reproduces abundantly on 'Nemaguard' and 'Nemared' peach rootstocks, as well as on other crops (verbena, eggplant, squash, basil, impatiens, tomato, snapdragon, dill, and certain ornamental plants) (Table 1). Consequently, 'Guardian', 'Nemaguard', 'Nemared', and 'Okinawa' peach rootstocks are no longer recommended for commercial production of peaches, nectarines, and plums in Florida. Although 'Nemaguard' and 'Nemared' rootstocks had been used in north Florida for many years, the risk that M. floridensis might find its way into this production area suggests caution in the continued use of susceptible rootstocks.

'Flordaguard' rootstock has better resistance to M. floridensis than 'Nemaguard' rootstock. Field evaluation of peach rootstocks to different root-knot nematode species indicated that after 25 months, nematode egg production was greater on 'Nemaguard' than on 'Flordaguard' rootstock (Nyczepir et al. 2006). Longer-term observations in Florida also suggest that trees on 'Nemaguard' rootstock do not perform well in soils infested with M. floridensis. Accordingly, 'Flordaguard' rootstock is the only rootstock the University of Florida currently recommends for commercial peach production.

The University of Florida released 'Flordaguard', a red-leaved peach rootstock, in 1991 (Sherman et al., 1991). A copy of the original circular, S-376, can be found on the Florida stone fruit website at +html. It is the predominant rootstock found in orchards throughout the state especially in areas where M. floridensis is found.

Seedlings of 'Flordaguard' are recommended as a rootstock for low-chill peach, nectarine, and plum production in non-alkaline soils infested with peach root-knot nematodes as well as other species of root-knot nematodes.

'Flordaguard' rootstock's red-leaf trait allows for easy detection and removal of rootstock suckers (Figure 2). Rootstock suckers should be cut carefully and flush with the stem to prevent regrowth and bark injury.

'Flordaguard' and its seedlings are susceptible to bark gummosis incited by the fungal pathogen Botryosphaeria dothidea, a physiological race specific to peach (Pusey 2005) (Figure 5). Scion cultivars (or the fruiting portion of the tree) budded onto 'Flordaguard' rootstock seedlings should be propagated as low as possible to reduce the amount of exposed, susceptible rootstock stem tissue. Peach trees budded onto 'Flordaguard' should be managed to reduce stress in the tree because fungal gummosis is exacerbated under such conditions. There is no effective chemical control for fungal gummosis.

'Flordaguard' rootstock can be propagated by seed or by cutting. Seeds of 'Flordaguard' trees ripen typically in late June or early July, and the fruit are small with a moderate frequency of double seeds in the pit. Fruit must be harvested before they fall off the tree because the embryo inside the pit (seed) is very sensitive to high temperatures, and prolonged exposure to heat can damage the seed. A full production schedule for 'Flordaguard' seed propagation can be found in Table 2.

To ensure that cuttings are nematode-resistant, cuttings should be taken only from grafted 'Flordaguard' trees (i.e. 'Flordaguard' trees grafted or budded onto 'Flordaguard' rootstocks) rather than from 'Flordaguard' seedlings themselves. Stem cuttings taken from 'Flordaguard' seedlings may be variable in terms of nematode resistance, whereas stem cuttings taken from grafted 'Flordaguard' trees will be uniformly resistant. Seedlings can originate from the pollination of 'Flordaguard' blossoms by other cultivars, resulting in the loss of nematode resistance in those seedlings. Nurseries should, therefore, plant their grafted 'Flordaguard' trees, from which they are planning to collect seeds, in isolation from other peach trees to reduce outcrossing. If field-grown plants are to be sold or shipped, nursery site approval is required by the Division of Plant Industry to prevent spread of the burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis).

Bud-graft 'Flordaguard' rootstock liners with desired scion cultivar. The bud should not contain xylem or woody fibers. Phony peach disease (Xylella fastidiosa) can be transmitted by bud-grafting budwood material that includes woody vascular (xylem) tissue. e24fc04721