Public parks and nature reserves cover a large area in Rome, and the city has one of the largest areas of green space among European capitals.[72] The most notable part of this green space is represented by the large number of villas and landscaped gardens created by the Italian aristocracy. While most of the parks surrounding the villas were destroyed during the building boom of the late 19th century, some of them remain. The most notable of these are the Villa Borghese, Villa Ada, and Villa Doria Pamphili. Villa Doria Pamphili is west of the Gianicolo hill, comprising some 1.8 km2 (0.7 sq mi). The Villa Sciarra is on the hill, with playgrounds for children and shaded walking areas. In the nearby area of Trastevere, the Orto Botanico (Botanical Garden) is a cool and shady green space. The old Roman hippodrome (Circus Maximus) is another large green space: it has few trees but is overlooked by the Palatine and the Rose Garden ('roseto comunale'). Nearby is the lush Villa Celimontana, close to the gardens surrounding the Baths of Caracalla. The Villa Borghese garden is the best known large green space in Rome, with famous art galleries among its shaded walks. Overlooking Piazza del Popolo and the Spanish Steps are the gardens of Pincio and Villa Medici. There is also a notable pine wood at Castelfusano, near Ostia. Rome also has a number of regional parks of much more recent origin, including the Pineto Regional Park and the Appian Way Regional Park. There are also nature reserves at Marcigliana and at Tenuta di Castelporziano.

The medieval Roman dialect belonged to the southern family of Italian dialects, and was thus much closer to the Neapolitan language than to the Florentine.[108][109] A typical example of Romanesco of that period is Vita di Cola di Rienzo [it] ("Life of Cola di Rienzo"), written by an anonymous Roman during the 14th century.[108] Starting with the 16th century, the Roman dialect underwent a stronger and stronger influence from the Tuscan dialect (from which modern Italian derives) starting with the reigns of the two Medici popes (Leo X and Clement VII) and with the Sack of Rome in 1527, two events which provoked a large immigration from Tuscany.[110][111] Therefore, current Romanesco has grammar and roots that are rather different from other dialects in Central Italy.[111]

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In law, a pater familias held potestas over his adult sons with their own households. This could give rise to legal anomalies, such as adult sons also having the status of minors. No man could be considered a pater familias, nor could he truly hold property under law, while his own father lived.[168][169] During Rome's early history, married daughters came under the control (manus) of their husbands' pater familias. By the late Republic, most married women retained lawful connection to their birth family, though any children from the marriage belonged to her husband's family.[170] The mother or an elderly relative often raised both boys and girls.[171] Roman moralists held that marriage and child-raising fulfilled a basic duty to family, gens, and the state. Multiple remarriages were not uncommon. Fathers usually began seeking husbands for their daughters when these reached an age between twelve and fourteen, but most commoner-class women stayed single until their twenties, and in general seem to have been far more independent than wives of the elite. Divorce required the consent of one party, along with the return of any dowry. Both parents had power over their children during their minority and adulthood, but husbands had much less control over their wives.[172]

Jerome Woods of Benton Harbor, Michigan, grew up with a love for music. In high school, he sang in a cover band named Fire & Ice, which sounds like the name of one of those lame teen clubs we went to in high school.

Femicide is hot in Italy this spring.The teenage girl burned alive byHer boyfriend in the woods.The girls cut, strangled, set on fire.They are trying to teach Italian menThat women do not belong to them.But do you often cut, stab & burnThe things that belong to you?

In the preface to this volume Panciera explains that the seven contributions represent some of the papers delivered at a meeting in Rome in October 1999. The participants were members of the joint Italian-German research programme, led between 1996 and 1999 by Alfldy and himself. Co-operation between Rome and Heidelberg, going back to 1986, and involving a large team, has already produced splendid results, notably two impressive fascicles of the supplement to CIL VI (1996 and 2000). The present work is a welcome by-product. Alfldy' s paper on public honorific monuments for senators in the principate (p. 1 1-46) reflects, like others here CIL VI 8, 3, Tituli magistratuum populi Romani ordinum senatorii equestrisque. His important conclusion is that public monuments honouring senators belong almost without exception to the first two centuries of the empire ; not a single example can be dated to the 3rd century, whereas in the 4th and 5th centuries, when Rome had ceased to be the 'Sitz des Herrschers', leading senators were regularly commemorated by statues in Trajan's Forum and other public places. Barbara Borg and Christian Witschel (p. 47-120) discuss changes in the 'Reprsentationsverhalten' of the lites in the 3rd century AD : they emphasise that there are several chronological and regional differences and conclude that, although many changes can be identified in this period, there was no sudden break with the past. This paper is complemented by Francisca Feraudi-Grunais' short piece (p. 121-124), summarising her forthcoming monograph (to appear in the series Libitina) on funerary self-representation by the lower strata of society in imperial Rome. Heike Niquet follows up her outstanding study of senatorial self-representation in late antique Rome (Monumenta virtutum titulique, HABES Bd. 34, 2000) with a paper on the Selbstverstndnis of the house of Valentinian and their attitude to the senatorial aristocracy at Rome (p. 125-147). She can show that the epigraphic record basically confirms the 'Romferne' of this dynasty depicted in the literary sources, and that, even if their coinage continued to celebrate the old capital, the level of their building activity was more appropriate to a 'Provinzmetropole'. Cecilia Ricci, in the only contribution in Italian, summarising her larger study 'in corso di elaborazione', analyses self-representation in cenotaphs (p. 149-161). (It is a pity that she registers as authentic the fictitious cenotaphs for Severus Alexander and 'i due Taciti', i.e. the emperors Tacitus and Florian, from the Historia Augusta). Werner Rie, author of the impressive Apuleius und die Ruber (HABES Bd. 35, 2001), in a full and valuable contribution, discusses epigraphic evidence for teachers at Rome (p. 163-207) (His remark about the 'groe Sorgen' of the 'Mutter Agrippas, der in seiner Jugend in Massilia ganz den litterae verfallen war' is an unfortunate 0852c4b9a8

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