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Police robots are not too different from other types of robots, as they all use AI, machine learning and IoT to perform their tasks. The main difference between a police robot and a service robot, for example, is the task they are programmed to carry out. Police robots used by law enforcement and government agencies are programmed to make traffic stops based on driving patterns, use facial recognition to detect criminals and even prevent fraud.

In 2013, a robot helped police catch the Boston Marathon bombers. A few years later, after a man murdered five police officers in Dallas, Texas, and threatened to shoot more in a parking garage standoff, police decided to avoid further casualties and send in a pound of C4 plastic explosive. Delivered by an 800-pound robot from Northrop Grumman, the material detonated and killed the suspect.

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SMP Robotics makes a variety of security robots that are equipped with high-definition cameras, long-range loudspeakers, autonomous vehicle control systems and AI-powered thermal and panoramic surveillance capabilities. These robots are built to patrol outdoor areas in various conditions and counteract intrusion for medical centers, power plants or other large facilities.

Police robots are used to supplement the police workforce and assist in completing repetitive or dangerous tasks, such as surveillance and patrolling, conducting traffic stops or diffusing weapons and suspect standoffs.

The K5 robot deployed by the New York City Police Department (NYPD) aims to patrol and record criminal activity in the Time Square subway station during overnight hours. It is also equipped with a 24/7 live button passersby can press to alert police officers of an incident.

In the end, the council voted 8 to 4 to accept the nearly $280,000 in-kind gift from the Los Angeles Police Foundation of the robot manufactured by Boston Dynamics, a Massachusetts-based robotics firm that is the global leader in developing quadruped robots for policing and surveillance.

But apparently this is not the case in other cities, including New York, where the police department also announced plans this spring to deploy two Boston Dynamics robots, paid for with asset forfeiture funds, as well as a new surveillance robot known as the K5. A number of law enforcement agencies around the country are acquiring such robots with little transparency, critics say.

Ghost Robotics, a Philadelphia-based robotics firm that manufactures the Vision 60, a quadruped robot marketed towards military and homeland security use, among other applications, also did not reply to an email requesting usage data.

Surveillance and privacy researchers say there are few restrictions on robotic surveillance in many communities. There are also concerns that lower-income areas and people of color will be overpoliced and over-surveilled by the robots.

Boston Dynamics, which was recently acquired by the South Korean-based automotive company Hyundai, says it has a strict policy against the unauthorized weaponization of its robotic products and will deactivate any units that have been armed. Sieli, on behalf of Boston Dynamics, reiterated that policy in a statement emailed to Undark.

Robots developed for policing duties were initially introduced for situations considered too dangerous for human intervention. The first bomb disposal robot, for example, was created by the British Army in 1972 to detonate suspected car bombs in Northern Ireland. But increasingly these robots are deployed in a wide variety of applications, from crowd control to capturing video and wireless surveillance.

The exact number is unknown because law enforcement agencies may or may not self-report on robots and other emerging technologies, according to Matthew Guariglia, a senior policy analyst at the San Francisco-based Electronic Frontier Foundation and a specialist in the history of policing and surveillance.

Special weapons and tactical teams have also tasked the Boston Dynamics robots to confront barricaded suspects in cities such as Houston and St. Petersburg, Florida. Police officials in metropolitan Detroit have also been considering acquiring dog-like robots.

Developing navigation algorithms for quadruped robots in an urban environment can be challenging, said Jia Pan, an associate professor in computer science at the University of Hong Kong who focuses on AI, sensors, and autonomous robotics.

That comment echoed similar concerns about transparency, privacy, and mass surveillance voiced by scientists, researchers, and policy advocates. How will authorities collect, retain and share surveillance data captured by these robots?

This spring, the New York Police Department announced plans to use its Boston Dynamics robots, in addition to the K5 manufactured by Knightscope of Mountain View, California. The K5, which was previously tested at the Lefrak City high rise apartment complex in Queens for about two years, is currently being leased and used in least one Manhattan subway station, where it is accompanied by a police officer.

But, unlike a robot vacuum, the K5 is a rolling surveillance unit that includes 16 microphones, speakers that can playback live or recorded messages, GPS, sonar, thermal imaging, and the capacity to detect nearby wireless signals. The K5 also boasts automatic license plate recognition technology (it is often deployed as a parking monitor), among other features.

Those kinds of futuristic concerns give us good reason to feel uneasy about these robots. But there are other more immediate concerns around the costs and benefits of these high-tech devices. Anybody can come up with a Hollywood scenario where a new technology saves the day. But the real questions are how frequently such scenarios come up, how dangerous are they, how effective is the solution, how expensive is it, what negative side effects might its adoption bring, and are there alternative, less invasive solutions that would work just as well?

The deployment of advanced technologies like robots all too often happens faster than our social, political, and legal systems can adjust. This kind of robotics technology threatens to veer off in all manner of spooky directions; clear and forthright policies, overall transparency, and democratic debate and input are vital.

A police officer dies in in the line of duty every 61 hours. It is dangerous work. But every day, three people in the United States are killed by police. The American public tend to view police shooting statistics through one of two lenses, one that either minimizes the importance of police shootings or that ignores the real danger that police face everyday. In fact, these trends are mutually reinforcing. A police officer who feels under constant threat also poses a greater likelihood of harm to the individuals he encounters.

Honolulu police last year used SPOT, a $150,000 robodog purchased with federal COVID relief money, to take the temperatures of people at a homeless camp. The American Civil Liberties Union criticized the practice as dehumanizing to people looking for shelter.

The New York Police Department similarly leased a futuristic-looking robotic dog from manufacturer Boston Dynamics as part of a test program in December 2020. The department used it in several instances, including a hostage situation in the Bronx. By April 2021, after months of criticism, the department ended its lease and returned the robot, which officials had nicknamed Digidog. Boston Dynamics and several other robot manufacturers in October condemned the use of firearms on robots, but others have equipped robots with sniper rifles and other weapons.

In spite of the failed attempts to introduce police robots at some departments, other cities, like St. Petersburg, Florida, seem determined to keep their police robot dogs. And the U.S. Department of Homeland Security is pursuing plans to deploy robot dogs at the borders.

Proponents of the equipment highlight the usefulness of robots for tasks like defusing bombs, providing surveillance in hostage situations and, in their most lethal capacity, injuring or killing people to stop them from attacking other human beings.

And what will happen when the robot malfunctions or otherwise compromises a criminal case? In a Florida murder case last year, police and prosecutors blamed a police-deployed robot for possibly moving a bullet shell casing found at the alleged crime scene.

Controversy also surrounds the secrecy from law enforcement and prosecutors when it comes to sophisticated electronic equipment originally developed for the military. As San Francisco decides what to do about police robots, the California Supreme Court could soon consider whether the public should have access to search warrants and other court records related to police use of electronic surveillance from cell phone tracking devices. Prosecutors in other states have thrown out criminal cases rather than risk exposing proprietary information from cell phone tracking equipment they purchased from private companies.

Meanwhile, details of police robot technology are fiercely guarded. Boston Dynamics recently sued rival robodog manufacturer Ghost Robotics on claims that Ghost used some robot response methods too similar to those contained in Boston Dynamics patents.

The use of the four-legged robot that the New York City Police Department calls Digidog was axed by the previous administration after it garnered fierce backlash from civil rights advocates. But it made its return in Times Square alongside two new technologies that the NYPD plans to pilot as part of its ongoing plan to utilize emerging, innovative, technologies to better keep officers and the public safe. One, the StarChase system, would allow police to shoot a GPS tracking tag at fleeing vehicles via handheld or a vehicle-mounted launcher, ideally avoiding the need for a high speed chase. The other, the K5 Autonomous Security Robot, a droid-like robot would roam around the Times Square subway station, taking video footage and acting as a physical deterrence to crime. 006ab0faaa