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The prefix prot-, or proto-, comes from Greek and has the basic meaning "first in time" or "first formed." A prototype is someone or something that serves as a model or inspiration for those that come later. A successful fund-raising campaign can serve as a prototype for future campaigns. The legendary Robin Hood, the "prototypical" kindhearted and honorable outlaw, has been the inspiration for countless other romantic heroes. And for over a century, Vincent van Gogh has been the prototype of the brilliant, tortured artist who is unappreciated in his own time.

In programming, inheritance refers to passing down characteristics from a parent to a child so that a new piece of code can reuse and build upon the features of an existing one. JavaScript implements inheritance by using objects. Each object has an internal link to another object called its prototype. That prototype object has a prototype of its own, and so on until an object is reached with null as its prototype. By definition, null has no prototype and acts as the final link in this prototype chain. It is possible to mutate any member of the prototype chain or even swap out the prototype at runtime, so concepts like static dispatching do not exist in JavaScript.

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Although classes are now widely adopted and have become a new paradigm in JavaScript, classes do not bring a new inheritance pattern. While classes abstract most of the prototypal mechanism away, understanding how prototypes work under the hood is still useful.

JavaScript objects are dynamic "bags" of properties (referred to as own properties). JavaScript objects have a link to a prototype object. When trying to access a property of an object, the property will not only be sought on the object but on the prototype of the object, the prototype of the prototype, and so on until either a property with a matching name is found or the end of the prototype chain is reached.

Note: Following the ECMAScript standard, the notation someObject.[[Prototype]] is used to designate the prototype of someObject. The [[Prototype]] internal slot can be accessed and modified with the Object.getPrototypeOf() and Object.setPrototypeOf() functions respectively. This is equivalent to the JavaScript accessor __proto__ which is non-standard but de-facto implemented by many JavaScript engines. To prevent confusion while keeping it succinct, in our notation we will avoid using obj.__proto__ but use obj.[[Prototype]] instead. This corresponds to Object.getPrototypeOf(obj).

It should not be confused with the func.prototype property of functions, which instead specifies the [[Prototype]] to be assigned to all instances of objects created by the given function when used as a constructor. We will discuss the prototype property of constructor functions in a later section.

Classes are syntax sugar over constructor functions, which means you can still manipulate Box.prototype to change the behavior of all instances. However, because classes are designed to be an abstraction over the underlying prototype mechanism, we will use the more-lightweight constructor function syntax for this tutorial to fully demonstrate how prototypes work.

It may be interesting to note that due to historical reasons, some built-in constructors' prototype property are instances themselves. For example, Number.prototype is a number 0, Array.prototype is an empty array, and RegExp.prototype is /(?:)/.

You may also see some legacy code using Object.create() to build the inheritance chain. However, because this reassigns the prototype property and removes the constructor property, it can be more error-prone, while performance gains may not be apparent if the constructors haven't created any instances yet.

In JavaScript, as mentioned above, functions are able to have properties. All functions have a special property named prototype. Please note that the code below is free-standing (it is safe to assume there is no other JavaScript on the webpage other than the below code). For the best learning experience, it is highly recommended that you open a console, navigate to the "console" tab, copy-and-paste in the below JavaScript code, and run it by pressing the Enter/Return key. (The console is included in most web browser's Developer Tools. More information is available for Firefox Developer Tools, Chrome DevTools, and Edge DevTools.)

We can now use the new operator to create an instance of doSomething() based on this prototype. To use the new operator, call the function normally except prefix it with new. Calling a function with the new operator returns an object that is an instance of the function. Properties can then be added onto this object.

As seen above, the [[Prototype]] of doSomeInstancing is doSomething.prototype. But, what does this do? When you access a property of doSomeInstancing, the runtime first looks to see if doSomeInstancing has that property.

If doSomeInstancing does not have the property, then the runtime looks for the property in doSomeInstancing.[[Prototype]] (a.k.a. doSomething.prototype). If doSomeInstancing.[[Prototype]] has the property being looked for, then that property on doSomeInstancing.[[Prototype]] is used.

Otherwise, if doSomeInstancing.[[Prototype]] does not have the property, then doSomeInstancing.[[Prototype]].[[Prototype]] is checked for the property. By default, the [[Prototype]] of any function's prototype property is Object.prototype. So, doSomeInstancing.[[Prototype]].[[Prototype]] (a.k.a. doSomething.prototype.[[Prototype]] (a.k.a. Object.prototype)) is then looked through for the property being searched for.

If the property is not found in doSomeInstancing.[[Prototype]].[[Prototype]], then doSomeInstancing.[[Prototype]].[[Prototype]].[[Prototype]] is looked through. However, there is a problem: doSomeInstancing.[[Prototype]].[[Prototype]].[[Prototype]] does not exist, because Object.prototype.[[Prototype]] is null. Then, and only then, after the entire prototype chain of [[Prototype]]'s is looked through, the runtime asserts that the property does not exist and conclude that the value at the property is undefined.

The lookup time for properties that are high up on the prototype chain can have a negative impact on the performance, and this may be significant in the code where performance is critical. Additionally, trying to access nonexistent properties will always traverse the full prototype chain.

All constructor functions in JavaScript have a special property called prototype, which works with the new operator. The reference to the prototype object is copied to the internal [[Prototype]] property of the new instance. For example, when you do const a1 = new A(), JavaScript (after creating the object in memory and before running function A() with this defined to it) sets a1.[[Prototype]] = A.prototype. When you then access properties of the instance, JavaScript first checks whether they exist on that object directly, and if not, it looks in [[Prototype]]. [[Prototype]] is looked at recursively, i.e. a1.doSomething, Object.getPrototypeOf(a1).doSomething, Object.getPrototypeOf(Object.getPrototypeOf(a1)).doSomething etc., until it's found or Object.getPrototypeOf returns null. This means that all properties defined on prototype are effectively shared by all instances, and you can even later change parts of prototype and have the changes appear in all existing instances.

It is essential to understand the prototypal inheritance model before writing complex code that makes use of it. Also, be aware of the length of the prototype chains in your code and break them up if necessary to avoid possible performance problems. Further, the native prototypes should never be extended unless it is for the sake of compatibility with newer JavaScript features.

JavaScript objects are dynamic \"bags\" of properties (referred to as own properties). JavaScript objects have a link to a prototype object. When trying to access a property of an object, the property will not only be sought on the object but on the prototype of the object, the prototype of the prototype, and so on until either a property with a matching name is found or the end of the prototype chain is reached. 17dc91bb1f