The verb gauge, which refers to measuring or estimating, also has a variant gage. This variant appears to show up primarily in informal sources, though not often. Gauge is by far the preferred spelling in general usage for both the noun and the verb; we encourage you use it.
GAGE is a published method for gene set (enrichment or GSEA) or pathway analysis. GAGE is generally applicable independent of microarray or RNA-Seq data attributes including sample sizes, experimental designs, assay platforms, and other types of heterogeneity, and consistently achieves superior performance over other frequently used methods. In gage package, we provide functions for basic GAGE analysis, result processing and presentation. We have also built pipeline routines for of multiple GAGE analyses in a batch, comparison between parallel analyses, and combined analysis of heterogeneous data from different sources/studies. In addition, we provide demo microarray data and commonly used gene set data based on KEGG pathways and GO terms. These funtions and data are also useful for gene set analysis using other methods.
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Led by William Hitchcock, the James Madison Professor of History at UVA, GAGE convenes a coalition of faculty and students drawn from politics, history, sociology, law, education, religious studies and other related fields. This team of scholars works together to explore the reciprocal impact between the United States and the wider world.
The Foundation aims to endow four professorships in key fields related to the mission of GAGE: History of American Diplomacy and Statecraft, U.S. Politics and Democracy, International Security Studies, and Global Governance and World Institutions.
The Foundation will endow two named fellowships in its National Fellowship Program. Fellows would be selected based upon their demonstrated scholarly contributions to GAGE disciplines. The Foundation will also endow one named postdoctoral fellowship for the best emerging scholar in the field.
To mark the 20th anniversary of the U.S. decision to invade Iraq, GAGE convened students and faculty at the Foundation to engage in a discussion with eminent American historian Melvyn P. Leffler about his new book, Confronting Saddam Hussein: George W. Bush and the Invasion of Iraq. Leffler, an emeritus professor of history at UVA, discussed what drove Bush to invade Iraq and how fear, hubris, and power influenced his decision.
A report of Gage's physical and mental condition shortly before his death implies that his most serious mental changes were temporary, so that in later life he was far more functional, and socially far better adapted, than in the years immediately following his accident. A social recovery hypothesis suggests that his work as a stagecoach driver in Chile fostered this recovery by providing daily structure that allowed him to regain lost social and personal skills.
On September 13, 1848, Gage was directing a work gang blasting rock while preparing the roadbed for the Rutland & Burlington Railroad south of the village of Cavendish, Vermont. Setting a blast entailed boring a hole deep into an outcrop of rock; adding blasting powder and a fuse; then using the tamping iron to pack ("tamp") sand, clay, or other inert material into the hole above the powder in order to contain the blast's energy and direct it into surrounding rock.[note 4]
When I drove up he said, "Doctor, here is business enough for you." I first noticed the wound upon the head before I alighted from my carriage, the pulsations of the brain being very distinct. The top of the head appeared somewhat like an inverted funnel, as if some wedge-shaped body had passed from below upward. Mr. Gage, during the time I was examining this wound, was relating the manner in which he was injured to the bystanders. I did not believe Mr. Gage's statement at that time, but thought he was deceived. Mr. Gage persisted in saying that the bar went through his head. Mr. G. got up and vomited; the effort of vomiting pressed out about half a teacupful of the brain [through the exit hole at the top of the skull], which fell upon the floor.[19]
You will excuse me for remarking here, that the picture presented was, to one unaccustomed to military surgery, truly terrific; but the patient bore his sufferings with the most heroic firmness. He recognized me at once, and said he hoped he was not much hurt. He seemed to be perfectly conscious, but was getting exhausted from the hemorrhage. His person, and the bed on which he was laid, were literally one gore of blood.[19]
On the 24th day, Gage "succeeded in raising himself up, and took one step to his chair". One month later, he was walking "up and down stairs, and about the house, into the piazza", and while Harlow was absent for a week Gage was "in the street every day except Sunday", his desire to return to his family in New Hampshire being "uncontrollable by his friends ... he went without an overcoat and with thin boots; got wet feet and a chill". He soon developed a fever, but by mid-November was "feeling better in every respect [and] walking about the house again". Harlow's prognosis at this point: Gage "appears to be in a way of recovering, if he can be controlled".[19]
That there was no difference in his mental manifestations after the recovery [is] not true ... he was gross, profane, coarse, and vulgar, to such a degree that his society was intolerable to decent people.[45]
Phineas' survival and rehabilitation demonstrated a theory of recovery which has influenced the treatment of frontal lobe damage today. In modern treatment, adding structure to tasks by, for example, mentally visualising a written list, is considered a key method in coping with frontal lobe damage.[M4]
rise early in the morning, prepare himself, and groom, feed, and harness the horses; he had to be at the departure point at a specified time, load the luggage, charge the fares and get the passengers settled; and then had to care for the passengers on the journey, unload their luggage at the destination, and look after the horses. The tasks formed a structure that required control of any impulsiveness he may have had.[M9]
much foresight was required. Drivers had to plan for turns well in advance, and sometimes react quickly to manoeuvre around other coaches, wagons, and birlochos travelling at various speeds ... Adaptation had also to be made to the physical condition of the route: although some sections were well-made, others were dangerously steep and very rough.
Harlow saw Gage's survival as demonstrating "the wonderful resources of the system in enduring the shock and in overcoming the effects of so frightful a lesion, and as a beautiful display of the recuperative powers of nature", and listed what he saw as the circumstances favoring it:
3d. The point of entrance ... [The tamping iron] did little injury until it reached the floor of the cranium, when, at the same time that it did irreparable damage, it [created the] opening in the base of the skull, for drainage, [without which] recovery would have been impossible.[note 17]
The very small amount of attention that has been given to [this] case can only be explained by the fact that it far transcends any case of recovery from injury of the head that can be found in the records of surgery. It was too monstrous for belief ...
The 2010-identified image is in the possession of Tara Gage Miller of Texas; an identical image belongs to Phyllis Gage Hartley of New Jersey.[L] Unlike the Wilgus portrait, which is an original daguerreotype, the Miller and Hartley images are 19th-century photographic reproductions of a common original which remains undiscovered, itself a daguerreotype or other laterally reversing early-process photograph;[W1] here again a compensating reversal has been applied.[L]
Lakes and streams can be designated as having gaging stations located on them. For each such designated lake or stream, the time and a variety of other information will be written to a separate output file after each time step (and each transport time increment) to facilitate graphical postprocessing of the calculated data.
Data Set 2 must include exactly NUMGAGE lines (or records) of data. If NUMGAGE > 1, it is permissible to interleaf in Data Set 2 records for stream gaging stations (according to the format specified in the documentation for the Stream Package) with records for gages on lakes. Data lines (records) within Data Set 2 can be listed in any arbitrary order.
Total lake conductance (OUTTYPE options 1 and 3 for a lake gaging station) is the sum of the conductances of each seepage interface for each lake. Changes in lake stage, volume, and solute concentrations (OUTTYPE options 2 or 3) are listed as incremental changes from previous time increment and as cumulative change since start of simulation.Volumetric rates for option 4 are expressed in units of volume per time during a time step increment. Versions of the GAGE Package since 2006 for MODFLOW-2000 and MODFLOW-2005 had listed groundwater inflows and outflows as volumetric flow rates and listed the other values as volumes per time step for options 1 and 3.
Note 2: If the LAK3 Package is also active, a gaging station may be placed on a lake. In this case, only two required variables and one optional variable are read. The first variable should be the negative value of the lake number and the second is the unit number for the output. The original description of the Gage Package (Merritt and Konikow, 2000, p. 57) did not include additional print options listed for OUTTYPE. For a gaging station on a lake, a minus sign on the unit number is a flag indicating that OUTTYPE for a lake will be read.
Note 3: Data Set 2 must include exactly NUMGAGE lines (records) of data. If NUMGAGE > 1, it is permissible to interleaf the Item 2 lines for stream gaging stations with lines for lake gages. Data lines (records) within Item 2 can be listed in any arbitrary order. 152ee80cbc
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