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Gratis comes from the Latin word for "favor;" so in English a party favor is a small item given gratis to everyone attending a party. Gratis is used as both an adjective ("The drinks were gratis") and an adverb ("Drinks were served gratis"). But however it's used, it means "free".

The English adjective free is commonly used in one of two meanings: "at no monetary cost" (gratis) and "with little or no restriction" (libre). This ambiguity of free can cause issues where the distinction is important, as it often is in dealing with laws concerning the use of information, such as copyright and patents.

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The terms gratis and libre may be used to categorise intellectual property like computer programs, according to the licenses and legal restrictions that cover them, especially in the free software and open source communities, as well as the broader free culture movement. For example, they are used to distinguish freeware (software gratis) from free software (software libre).

Libre /libr/ in English is adopted from the various Romance languages, ultimately descending from the Latin word lber; its origin is closely related to liberty. It denotes "the state of being free", as in "liberty" or "having freedom". The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) considers libre to be obsolete,[2] but the word has come back into limited[a] use. Unlike gratis, libre appears in few English dictionaries,[a] although there is no other English single-word adjective signifying "liberty" exclusively, without also meaning "at no monetary cost".

With the advent of the free software movement, license schemes were created to give developers more freedom in terms of code sharing, commonly called open source or free and open-source software (called FLOSS, FOSS, or F/OSS). As the English adjective free does not distinguish between "for free" and "liberty", the phrases "free as in freedom of speech" (libre, free software) and "free as in free beer" (gratis, freeware) were adopted. Many in the free software movement feel strongly about the freedom to use the software, make modifications, etc., whether or not this freely usable software is to be exchanged for money. Therefore, this distinction became important.

"Free software" means software that respects users' freedom and community. Roughly, it means that the users have the freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software. Thus, "free software" is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand the concept, you should think of "free" as in "free speech," not as in "free beer". We sometimes call it "libre software," borrowing the French or Spanish word for "free" as in freedom, to show we do not mean the software is gratis.

These phrases have become common, along with gratis and libre, in the software development and computer law fields for encapsulating this distinction.[b] The distinction is similar to the distinction made in political science between positive liberty and negative liberty. Like "free beer", positive liberty promises equal access by all without cost or regard to income, of a given good (assuming the good exists). Like "free speech", negative liberty safeguards the right to use of something (in this case, speech) without regard to whether in a given case there is a cost involved for this use.[c]

In order to reflect real-world differences in the degree of open access, the distinction between gratis open access and libre open access was added in 2006 by Peter Suber and Stevan Harnad, two of the co-drafters of the original Budapest Open Access Initiative definition of open access publishing.[4] Gratis open access refers to online access free of charge (which Wikipedia indicates with the icon ), and libre open access refers to online access free of charge plus some additional re-use rights (Wikipedia icon ).[4] Libre open access is equivalent to the definition of open access in the Budapest Open Access Initiative, the Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing and the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities. The re-use rights of libre OA are often specified by various specific Creative Commons licenses;[5] these almost all require attribution of authorship to the original authors.[4][6]

The original gratis/libre distinction concerns software (i.e., code), with which users can potentially do two[citation needed] kinds of things: 1. access and use it; and 2. modify and re-use it. "Gratis" pertains to being able to access and use the code, without a price-barrier, while "libre" pertains to being allowed to modify and re-use the code, without a permission barrier. The target content of the open access movement, however, is not software but published, peer-reviewed research journal article texts.[citation needed]

On this new terminology, the BBB definition describes one kind of libre OA. A typical funder or university mandate requires gratis OA. Many OA journals provide libre OA, but many others provide only gratis OA.

No. The green/gold distinction is about venues (repositories and journals), while the gratis/libre distinction is about user rights or freedoms. Green OA can be gratis or libre, but is usually gratis. Gold OA can be gratis or libre, but is also usually gratis.

Pwogram Deklarasyon Gratis IRS la se yon patenarya piblik-prive ant IRS ak anpil konpayi endistri lojisyl preparasyon ak deklarasyon enpo ki bay preparasyon ak deklarasyon enpo anliy gratis. Li bay de (2) fason pou kontribyab yo prepare epi deklare enpo federal sou revni yo anliy gratis:

So, why do we insist on keeping this confusing and misleading terminology? First, we shouldremember that several of the original signatories of the Budapest Open Access Initiative were staffmembers of business corporations directly involved in publishing journals through this new openaccess system. Unfortunately, no conflict of interest was ever declared in the declaration. Second,this terminology supports the not-sufficiently-discussed axiom that scholarly publishing should beprofessionalized by one of these two business models. A different and much simpler terminology mightbe used: gratis vs paid journals (Figure 1).

Det var opprinnelig bevilget opp til 200 mill. kr til ordningen med gratisbilletter. Restbelpet vil bli overfrt til kommunens klima- og miljfond, som gir sttte til ulike klima- og miljtiltak.

Transportkonomisk institutt (TI) har gjennomfrt en underskelse p oppdrag fra Kolumbus. Den konkluderer med at bruken av kollektivtrafikk i Stavanger har kt som flge av innfringen av gratis kollektivtrafikk for innbyggerne i Stavanger. Effekten ordningen har hatt for bruken av bil og sykkel er noe mer usikker.

Ved hjelp av UngLab-metoden, og Sopra Steria som prosesskonsulent, har ungdom intervjuet ungdom. Dette gir innsikt i betydningen gratis kollektivreiser har hatt for de unge. Resultatene finner du her nr de klare.

P nyret 2024 skal vi f analysert hvilken betydning tiltaket har hatt for ulike deler av befolkningen. Hvordan gratisordningen har pvirket trafikkutvikling og passasjerstatistikk skal ogs underskes nrmere. e24fc04721