The gameplay focuses on raising alien creatures known as Norns, teaching them to survive, helping them explore their world, defending them against other species, and breeding them. Words can be taught to the creatures by a learning computer (for verbs) or by repeating the name of the object while the creature looks at it. Once a creature understands language, the player can instruct their creature by typing in instructions, which the creature can choose to obey.
A complete life cycle is modeled for the creatures - childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and senescence, each with its own unique needs. The gameplay is designed to foster an emotional bond between the player and their creatures. Rather than taking a scripted approach, the games in the Creatures series were driven by detailed biological and neurological simulation and its unexpected results.
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The program was one of the first commercial titles[1] to code artificial life organisms from the genetic level upwards using a sophisticated biochemistry and neural network brains,[2][3] including simulated senses of sight, hearing and touch.[4] This meant that the Norns and their DNA could develop and "evolve" in increasingly diverse ways, unpredicted by the makers. By breeding certain Norns with others, some traits could be passed on to following generations.[5] The Norns turned out to behave similarly to living creatures.[6] Norns respond to external stimuli, such as interaction with the player, and internal stimuli, such as changes in chemical concentrations or neural activities.[7] Sight is simulated by having a group of neurons representing each type of object in the world. When an object belonging to this type is in front of the creature ('within eyesight'), the neuron becomes active and the creature can 'see' the object.[4] The Norns possess simulated biological drives which give punishment when they are raised, and reward when they are lowered. The model for Norns' decision-making process is behaviorist and based on Norns learning how to reduce their drives.[8] Dickinson and Balleine state that while this stimulus-response/reinforcement process makes the creatures seem like they are goal-directed, they are instead 'habit machines' responding in a learned fashion to particular stimuli.[9]
Mutations in the genome can occur, allowing new characteristics to appear in the population and potentially be inherited by a future generation.[10][11] Because the Norns have a lifespan of roughly 40 hours, users could observe the changes that occur over a large number of generations.[10] Faulty genomes can also occur - for example, Norns which cannot see or hear,[12] creatures which are either missing organs or have surplus organs,[7] or immortal Norns due to a hyper-efficient digestion system.[13][14] Creatures used the emergent approach seen in animats, but with the goal of more complex behaviours than locomotion.[15] Grand describes the psychological model of the creatures as being inspired by rats.[16] In 2000, Grand described the intelligence level of Norns as being like ants.[17] Margaret Boden, in 2003, rejected Creatures as being a form of alien life as the simulated metabolism is concerned with controlling the Norn's behaviour, not on maintaining its 'physical' form.[18] In 2011, Grand stated that while the Norns in Creatures could learn, generalise from past experiences to novel experiences, and react in an intelligent manner to stimuli, they could not think.[19]
Originally conceived as a desktop pet with a brain,[24] Grand later incorporated inspiration from The Planiverse to pitch a "little computer ewoks" game,[25] like the game Little Computer People.[26] Grand wanted players to have a rapport with their creatures, feeling that he should make the creatures seem "genuinely alive" to the player, showing "the 'right' kind of behaviour' in a variety of circumstances. To create this kind of behaviour, Grand felt it was necessary to program the creatures by simulating the building blocks of nature in a bottom-up approach, allowing the complex behaviour to emerge,[27] rather than using a rule-based system approach.[16] Grand later wished to include references to an "English" or Norse mythology, to try to make the world more internally consistent,[28][29] but found that the team wanted to make the game into a conventional adventure game.[26] He later decided to scale back on the mythology aspects of the game, focusing instead on the artificial life point - eventually presenting the game as an artificial pet hobby, which provided some of the impetus to include genetics in the creatures.[30]Creatures was developed as a consumer product by Millennium, and was released by Mindscape in 1996. The program was instantly successful,[citation needed] and an online community of players soon formed, swapping Norns, creating new objects for Albia,[31] sharing tips on how to play the game and anecdotes about unexpected evolutionary changes that they had seen, and even creating new breeds of Norn. At one point, the Creatures online community was the largest of its type.
Creatures 2, released on September 30, 1998, took place many years after the first game, after a devastating natural disaster (or, as explained in later games, a devastating Shee disaster) had changed the landscape of Albia dramatically and opened up new areas of the world. New technology and species were made available to the player, and the creatures themselves had been provided with "considerably more sensory input, more actions they can take, and improved brain dynamics".[64] Despite the great change in environment, including a "complete working eco-system",[34] the focus of the game remained the same. Creatures 2 Deluxe (with Life Kit) soon followed. 200,000 copies of Creatures 2 were immediately shipped upon its release.[14] Two expansion packs, Life Kit 1 and Life Kit 2, were released for C2.[65][66] Creatures 2 was considered "much more difficult" than C1,[67] and the new, more challenging environment and norn biology was described as frustrating, but that after installing a new genome and going through successive generations, the Norns seemed smarter.[31] Nick Walkland described the gameplay as a "labour of love", noting that the challenge was to sustain your Norns' lives.[68] Sid Fisk of Gamezilla criticized the audio for Creatures 2 for not alerting him when his creature was near-death, but playing a "funeral dirge" as the body left the screen.[69]
Creatures 3, released on November 4, 1999, took a detour from the first two games. It took place on the spaceship that the Shee had used to flee Albia. The ship was divided into many carefully controlled environments (Norn Terrarium, Jungle Terrarium, Desert Terrarium, Marine Terrarium). Creatures 3 was much more technologically focused, including many agents which could be connected in various ways to perform tasks.[70] Still, the goal was to experiment with the three principal species and create a living world out of an empty ship. Creatures 3 included a "new social element",[71] by which norns could remember relationships they've formed with other creatures better.[72]
The second game in the younger children's series, Creatures Playground (released the same year), could be connected to Adventures to create an even bigger world to explore. It has a theme park for the creatures, including mini-games like whack-a-mole.[79]
Prior to the cancellation of Creatures Family, Spil Games produced two free-to-play online creatures games, Creatures Alchemist, and Creatures: Color Craze. Unlike the main series, these games are not simulation games, but are instead puzzle games loosely based on the Creatures franchise.
Creatures Online was a planned sequel to the third Creatures game being developed by Fishing Cactus. The game was announced as Creatures 4 in Fishing Cactus's blog in May 2011.[82] Creatures Online was to have 5 worlds, was to be completely in 3D instead of 2.5D[8] pre-rendered graphics, and in-game currency was planned to buy Norns toys, food, etc. Creatures Online was designed to be a free-to-play game. A collector's edition box was also announced with a Norn figurine, the three original games for current PCs, and the money paid for the game being usable as in-game money for Norns.[83] Creatures 4 entered an in-house alpha phase in March 2013.[84] The internal systems of the creatures from C3/DS were retained and updated for the 3D environment.[85][86] Norns' fur patterns were to be partially procedurally generated, with the goal of ensuring "that no two Norns look alike".[87] Heterochromia iridum was introduced.[88] The norns of Creatures Online were to have a new drive, tentatively called "altruism", which would have encouraged them to do things to benefit the norn colony, like tending to plants and fixing broken toys.[89] "Creatures 4" was renamed "Creatures Online" in May 2013.[53] Creatures Online, unlike earlier entries in the Creatures series,[90] was to have a system of missions for the player to complete.[91] Creatures Online was cancelled in November 2015 due to the loss of the license.
Basic gameplay consists of hatching some creatures, usually norns, and guiding them to reach maturity and to breed more creatures, with the goal of a more intelligent future population.[93] Words can be taught to creatures by a learning computer (for verbs) or by repeating the name of the object while the creature is looking at it. After a creature understands language, the player can instruct their creature by typing in instructions, which the creature may choose to obey[94] - the player gets the impression that the norns can understand the player, but do not want to follow the player's commands.[7] The player cannot force creatures to do anything.[95] Addressing individual creatures by their names, and issuing specific commands, such as "Alice push toy", is recommended, as is following up with rewards if they obey:[96] the player is represented by a disembodied hand in the world, and the hand can attempt to teach creatures by tickling them as a reward or punishing creatures by slapping them.[94] (For Creatures Village, aimed at very young players, tickling is done by a feather wand, and punishment is represented by a squirt bottle.[97][98]) Older norns can also teach concepts to younger norns.[99] Norns may also express to the player how they are feeling. The language aspect was incorporated to promote a relationship between norns and players,[100] allowing players to anthropomorphise their creatures.[101] Players usually actively administer their worlds, adding in objects to help their creatures thrive.[102] A complete life cycle is modelled for the creatures - childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and senescence, each with their own particular needs.[103] Breeding is depicted in the game as "a delicate affair", and is shown in the game by "a long kissing sound followed by a pop".[104] The gameplay is designed to foster an emotional bond between the player and their creatures. Death has real consequences - the individual norns do not return after they die.[103] All creatures are bipedal, but there are some variant appearances that are genetically linked.[4] Some alternate play styles include "wolfling runs", where the player may not intervene in their creatures' lives,[72] or even norn torture.[105] Trying to selectively breed or engineer certain traits into the population is also popular, for example, coloured creatures, norns with a better immune system,[14][106] or a less-aggressive grendel. 006ab0faaa
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