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Another reason why the volcanoes on Mars are so massive is because the crust on Mars doesn't move the way it does on Earth. On Earth, the hot spots remain stationary but crustal plates are moving above them. The Hawaiian islands result from the northwesterly movement of the Pacific plate over a stationary hotspot producing lava. As the plate moves over the hotspot, new volcanoes are formed and the existing ones become extinct. This distributes the total volume of lava among many volcanoes rather than one large volcano. On Mars, the crust remains stationary and the lava piles up in one, very large volcano.

Mars' volcanic features can be likened to Earth's geologic hotspots. Pavonis Mons is the middle of three volcanoes (collectively known as Tharsis Montes) on the Tharsis bulge near the equator of the planet Mars. The other Tharsis volcanoes are Ascraeus Mons and Arsia Mons. The three Tharsis Montes, together with some smaller volcanoes to the north, form a straight line. This arrangement suggests that they were formed by a crustal plate moving over a hot spot. Such an arrangement exists in the Earth's Pacific Ocean as the Hawaiian Islands. The Hawaiian Islands are in a straight line, with the youngest in the south and the oldest in the north. So geologists believe the plate is moving while a stationary plume of hot magma rises and punches through the crust to produce volcanic mountains. However, the largest volcano on the planet, Olympus Mons, is thought to have formed when the plates were not moving. Olympus Mons may have formed just after the plate motion stopped. The mare-like plains on Mars are roughly 3 to 3.5 billion years old.[72] The giant shield volcanoes are younger, formed between 1 and 2 billion years ago. Olympus Mons may be "as young as 200 million years."[73]

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Prior to more recent new discoveries, most planetary scientists thought that Mars was geologically dead. The evidence for current marsquakes and subsurface magma has upended that view, however. Now, the evidence for a giant and active mantle plume further challenges the old assumptions.

Scientists said the mantle plume, like ones on Earth, is a massive blob of hot magma. The researchers said it is pushing upward from deep inside the planet. This movement causes the marsquakes and subsurface volcanic activity. We should note that even on Earth, scientists still regard mantle plumes as a hypothesis. Albeit, however, one for which there is now substantial evidence.

The cool thing is that the hotspot has remained pretty much stationary, but plate tectonics keeps moving the crust. That means that a volcano will form over the hotspot, but then the plate moves so that volcano goes dormant and a new one springs up nearby. In fact, if you look at a map of the pacific ocean floor, you can track the chain of islands and seamounts from the Big Island of Hawaii all the way up to the Aleutian trench, where the pacific plate gets subducted back into the mantle.

In the ancient past of the planet volcanoes were able to erupt for millions of years unabated. A single hotspot could dump molten rock on the surface for millenia because Mars lacks plate tectonics. The lack of tectonics means that the same rupture in the surface stayed open until there was no more pressure to force magma to the surface. Olympus Mons formed in this manner and is the largest mountain in the Solar System. It is three time taller than Mt. Everest. These runaway volcanic actions could also partially explain the deepest valley in the Solar System. Valles Marineris is thought to be the result of a collapse of the material between two hotspots and is also on Mars.

The two other hotspots, each some 1000 kilometres away, have different geologies. One centres on the southeastern region of the volcano Syrtis Major. The other is a flatter, cratered region called Terra Sabae.

The methane hotspot Nili Fossae was on the short list of possible landing sites for the rover. But the region may not be selected, as engineers worry the elevation is too high to allow the rover to complete its full landing sequence, says John Grant of the Smithsonian Institution and co-chair of the landing-site selection committee.

Why do Martian volcanoes grow so large? The reason is two fold. First, Mars is not thought to have active plate tectonics, which means that the surface of Mars is very static. So, unlike in Hawaii where the Pacific plate is slowly but relentlessly moving Mauna Loa away from the fixed hotspot, a volcano on Mars can bask in the heat of a hotspot for long stretches of time, growing ever larger.

While most of the ridges seen here run parallel to one another from the upper left to lower right, there are also a few scratches cutting across in a perpendicular direction. This is an effect of location, as this patch of terrain is just northeast of the well-known Tharsis province, a past hotspot on Mars for substantial volcanic and tectonic activity.

The Mars InSight lander included the first seismograph placed on the red planet, and it has picked up everything from marsquakes to impacts and provided lots of new information on Mars' interior. But perhaps its most striking finding has been that almost all of Mars' seismic activity appears to originate from a single location, a site called Elysium Planitia.

That area is also the site of the most recent volcanic activity we've detected on Mars. In a paper released this week, scientists argue that both derive from a single source: a plume of hot material rising through the mantle. It's the sort of geological activity that creates hotspots like Iceland and Yellowstone on Earth, but it had been thought that Mars had cooled too much to support those activities.

Those signs made it interesting to scientists and one of the reasons that the InSight lander was sent to the area. And, as far as we've been able to tell, all of the significant marsquakes come from this area.

The activity levels found in Elysium Planitia are much lower than hotspot-driven sites elsewhere on Mars, and they're at the low end of what you'd see at similar sites on Earth. But the surprise is that it's happening at all. Earlier activity driven by mantle plumes should have removed some of the water from Mars' interior, making it more difficult for rocks to melt. The prior compression of the region should also make it more difficult for molten rock to force its way to the surface.

One problem with the new theory is that there is no surface topography corresponding to the proposed hotspots. Planetary scientist John Connerney at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, pointed out that on Earth hotspots are associated with chains of islands or mountains, but the same thing is not seen on Mars. Sprenke suggests this may be because later volcanic activity on Mars could have eliminated the surface topography after the dynamo activity had stopped.

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Tharsis is a region in the westernhemisphere that is home to the largest volcanoes in the solar system.Tharsis is a highly elevated, smooth landmass. This region is smoothdue to the lava that has flowed on Mars in the past. There are fourvolcanoes in the Tharsis region. Ascreaus Mons, Pavonis Mons, ArsiaMons, and Olympus Mons. Ascreaus Mons is the northern most of thethree prince volcanoes. It is the smallest of the four. Pavonis Monsis the next largest volcano resting on the equator of Mars. ArsiaMons is the southern most of the three prince volcanoes. It is thesecond largest volcano. Olympus Mons, the largest volcano in thesolar system, rests to the northwest of the three prince volcanoes.Olympus Mons has a land area roughly equal to the size of Arizona.This volcano is so tall that if placed on Earth would make theHimalayas look like a hill. All four volcanoes were probably made bya geologic hotspot. Since Mars shows no signs of plate tectonics,these hotspots did not appear to travel over the surface. Thesehotspots just kept erupting continuously making the volcanoes grow inelevation.

In comparison to Hawaii's Mauna Kea, Olympus Mons on Mars, which is a large hotspot volcano, is able to grow to a much greater size due to a few key factors. The answer to your question is: b) Lower gravitational pull. On Mars, the crust remains stationary relative to the underlying hotspot, allowing a single volcano to grow for hundreds of millions of years.

InSight carries the only seismometer ever placed on Mars. It's just one station in one location, and it can't detect smaller quakes that happen far away or on the other side of the planet. So scientists have limited information about Mars's seismic activity and any other potential hotspots for quakes or magma. To get the global picture of Mars quakes and volcanic activity, NASA would need to send more seismometers to the red planet. 17dc91bb1f