The Lineup tool was developed to help NCARB coordinate and organize its many architect and public member volunteers into diverse, equitable, and effective committees and task forces. Learn more about lineup.
In 1981, 22-year-old Jerry Miller was arrested and charged with robbing, kidnapping, and raping a woman. Two witnesses identified Miller, in a police lineup, as the perpetrator. The victim provided a more tentative identification at trial. Miller was convicted, served 24 years in prison, and was released on parole as a registered sex offender, requiring him to wear an electronic monitoring device at all times.
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Eyewitnesses play a vital role in the administration of justice in this country. Their testimony can provide the key to identifying, charging, and convicting a suspect in a criminal case. Indeed, in some cases, eyewitness evidence may be the only evidence available.
At its most basic level, a police lineup involves placing a suspect among people not suspected of committing the crime (fillers) and asking the eyewitness if he or she can identify the perpetrator. This can be done using a live lineup of people or, as more commonly done in U.S. police departments, a lineup of photographs. Live lineups typically use five or six people (a suspect plus four or five fillers) and photo lineups six or more photographs.[4]
There are two common types of lineups: simultaneous and sequential. In a simultaneous lineup (used most often in police departments around the country),[5] the eyewitness views all the people or photos at the same time. In a sequential lineup, people or photographs are presented to the witness one at a time.
Recent DNA exonerations have ignited heated debate among law enforcement officials, prosecutors, defense attorneys, and researchers over the best way to obtain reliable eyewitness evidence using police lineups.
Departments involved in the Illinois study experienced challenges when implementing the double-blind sequential model. Although the model was relatively easy for them to use with photo arrays, it was more difficult in live lineups, particularly in cases with multiple perpetrators. In these cases, officers often had to place more than one suspect in a lineup because they lacked enough fillers for separate lineups. Conducting sequential lineups with more than one suspect was determined to be difficult and confusing, and therefore the use of sequential lineups in multiple-perpetrator cases was discontinued.
After the Illinois Pilot Program had ended, the majority of officers who had participated said they did not think that the sequential lineup was superior; instead, they said that witnesses who can identify the suspect can do so under either procedure. Officers also expressed concerns that using a blind administrator disrupts the relationship that an investigator tries to build with a witness.[21]
Nancy Steblay, also a panelist on the Web chat, noted that, as with many other criminal justice procedures and protocols, there are two sources of information on eyewitness identification: the laboratory and the field. According to James Doyle, director of the Center for Modern Forensic Practice at John Jay College of Criminal Justice in New York City and the third panelist on the Web chat, both field research and lab research have limitations. Lab studies are limited by a lack of real-world, operational challenges. Field studies are limited by uncertainty about who is really the perpetrator.
According to Steblay, the field has gone past the lab and made decisions about certain elements of eyewitness identification, adapting recommended lab-based protocol to the logistics of street practice and to concerns about later courtroom challenges. It is now time for labs to follow up and see if these field decisions make a difference in eyewitness accuracy, she said.
Malpass added that because U.S. academic researchers work outside of law enforcement, law enforcement investigators, who are on the front lines, are not as familiar as they might be with research results and researchers are generally not as familiar as they might be with in-the-field police practices.
Committed to fostering collaboration between researchers and practitioners, NIJ recently funded the Urban Institute to test the reliability of using simultaneous versus sequential and blind versus nonblind lineups in the field. This important research will be guided by an NIJ-sponsored study group of law enforcement officials, defense attorneys, prosecutors, victim/witness advocates, and other stakeholders from across the Nation.
Eyewitness Evidence: A Guide for Law Enforcement, a 1999 report published by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), offers recommendations for the collection and preservation of eyewitness evidence.
These recommendations were developed by a technical working group of law enforcement investigators, prosecutors, defense lawyers, and psychology researchers convened by NIJ to explore ways to improve the accuracy, reliability, and availability of information obtained from eyewitnesses. The recommendations included:
Our lineup features a diverse group of 150+ acts set on some of the most historic and iconic stages in the world, and music goes around the clock. Our main venue Centeroo stays open 24/7 with dance sets leading into the sunrise.
Born in 2002, early Bonnaroo lineups featured artists from the jam scene. From that stemmed a beautiful community founded on love & positivity. Those early days set the pace for what we are today and helped create a unique Bonnaroovian world.
Bumping this amazing and still-relevant piece by my predecessor/friend/mentor, Sky Kalkman, for the 2012 post-season. It's a great reminder about basic lineup optimization, that it's overrated anyway, and the three and eight holes aren't exactly what you think. I hope you're enjoying it now as much as I did when I first read it. -jbopp
As teams begin to pare down their rosters towards the magical 25 number, spring training conversation will shift to debating each team's ideal batting order. Because we care, BtB would like to remind everyone that lineups are pretty overrated. Believe it or not, the difference between an optimized lineup and a typical, mildly foolish one you'll see MLB teams use is only about one win over 162 games. It's obviously worth getting right, but not any more than realizing Troy Percival shouldn't be your closer or Joba Chamberlain belongs in the rotation.
That being said, in order to put the best lineup together possible, there are some tips to follow, as Tom Tango, Mitchel Lichtman, and Andy Dolphin showed via extensive research in their book, The Book. By lineup position...
The Book says OBP is king. The lead-off hitter comes to bat only 36% of the time with a runner on base, versus 44% of the time for the next lowest spot in the lineup, so why waste homeruns? The lead-off hitter also comes to the plate the most times per game, so why give away outs? As for speed, stealing bases is most valuable in front of singles hitters, and since the top of the order is going to be full of power hitters, they're not as important. The lead-off hitter is one of the best three hitters on the team, the guy without homerun power. Speed is nice, as this batter will have plenty of chances to run the bases with good hitters behind him.
The Books says the #2 hitter comes to bat in situations about as important as the #3 hitter, but more often. That means the #2 hitter should be better than the #3 guy, and one of the best three hitters overall. And since he bats with the bases empty more often than the hitters behind him, he should be a high-OBP player. Doesn't sound like someone who should be sacrificing, does it?
The Book says the #3 hitter comes to the plate with, on average, fewer runners on base than the #4 or #5 hitters. So why focus on putting a guy who can knock in runs in the #3 spot, when the two spots after him can benefit from it more? Surprisingly, because he comes to bat so often with two outs and no runners on base, the #3 hitter isn't nearly as important as we think. This is a spot to fill after more important spots are taken care of.
The Book says the #4 hitter comes to bat in the most important situations out of all nine spots, but is equal in importance to the #2 hole once you consider the #2 guy receives more plate appearances. The cleanup hitter is the best hitter on the team with power.
The Book basically agrees, with a caveat. Stolen bases are most valuable ahead of high-contact singles hitters, who are more likely to hit at the bottom of the lineup. So a base-stealing threat who doesn't deserve a spot higher in the lineup is optimized in the #6 hole, followed by the singles hitters.
The Cardinals and Brewers have hit the pitcher eighth in the past, and it's actually a smart, albeit insignificant, strategy. Yes, giving an awful hitter more plate appearances by hitting him higher in the lineup is costly, but the benefit of having a better number nine hitter interacting with the top of the lineup is worth the trade-off, by about two runs per season. By putting a decent hitter at the bottom of the order, the top spots in the lineup will have more runners on base to advance with walks and hits and drive in with hits.
This strategy isn't as worthwhile in the American League, because even the worst position player will be on base significantly more often than a pitcher when the top of the order comes around. Only bat the worst hitter eighth when he's significantly worse than anybody else -- maybe someone like Adam Everett or Tony Pena Jr.
Another way to look at things is to order the batting slots by the leveraged value of the out. In plain English (sort of), we want to know how costly making an out is by each lineup position, based on the base-out situations they most often find themselves in, and then weighted by how often each lineup spot comes to the plate. Here's how the lineup spots rank in the importance of avoiding outs: 152ee80cbc
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