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The National Anthem of India is titled "Jana Gana Mana". The song was originally composed in Bengali by India's first Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore on 11 December 1911.[12][13][14] The parent song, 'Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata' is a Brahmo hymn that has five verses and only the first verse has been adopted as the national anthem. If put forward succinctly, the anthem conveys the spirit of pluralism or in a more popular term the concept of 'unity in diversity', which lies at the core of India's cultural heritage.

The song was selected as the national anthem by Subhas Chandra Bose while he was in Germany. On the occasion of the founding meeting of the German-Indian Society on 11 September 1942 in the Hotel Atlantic in Hamburg, "Jana Gana Mana" was played for the first time by the Hamburg Radio Symphony Orchestra as the national anthem of India.[23] The musical notations for this interpretation of the song were prepared by B.L. Mukherjee and Ambik Majumdar.[24]

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Before it officially became the national anthem of India in 1950, "Jana Gana Mana" was heard in the 1945 film Hamrahi.[25] It was also adopted as a school song of The Doon School, Dehradun in 1935.[26]

The members of the Indian delegation to the General Assembly of the United Nations held in New York in 1947 gave a recording of "Jana Gana Mana" as the country's national anthem. The song was played by the house orchestra in front of a gathering consisting of representatives from all over the world.

The National Anthem of India is played or sung on various occasions. Instructions have been issued from time to time about the correct versions of the anthem, the occasions on which these are to be played or sung and the need for paying respect to the anthem by observance of proper decorum on such occasions. The substance of these instructions has been embodied in the information sheet issued by the government of India for general information and guidance. The approximate duration of the full version of the National Anthem of India is 52 seconds; the shorter version is approximately 20 seconds.[9]

Many historians aver that the newspaper reports cited above were misguided. The confusion arose in the Indian press since a different song, "Badshah Humara" written in Hindi by Rambhuj Chaudhary,[35] was sung on the same occasion in praise of George V. The nationalist press in India stated this difference of events clearly:

In Kerala, students belonging to the Jehovah's Witnesses religious denomination were expelled by school authorities for their refusal to sing the national anthem on religious grounds, although they stood up when the anthem was sung.[41] The Kerala High Court concluded that there was nothing in it which could offend anyone's religious susceptibilities, and upheld their expulsion. On 11 August 1986,[42] the Supreme Court reversed the High Court and ruled that the High Court had misdirected itself because the question is not whether a particular religious belief or practice appeals to our reason or sentiment but whether the belief is genuinely and conscientiously held as part of the profession or practice of religion. "Our personal views and reactions are irrelevant." The Supreme Court affirmed the principle that it is not for a secular judge to sit in judgment on the correctness of a religious belief.[43]

In some states, the anthem must be played before films are played at cinemas. On 30 November 2016, to instil "committed patriotism and nationalism", the Supreme Court ordered that all cinemas nationwide must play the national anthem, accompanied by an image of the flag of India, before all films. Patrons were expected to stand in respect of the anthem, and doors to a cinema hall were expected to be locked during the anthem to minimise disruption.[45] The order was controversial, as it was argued that patrons who chose not to participate would be targeted and singled out, as was the case in an incident publicised in 2015 which purported to show a group of patrons (alleged by the YouTube uploader to be Muslims) being heckled by others. On 10 February 2017, two Kashmiris (which included an employee of the state government) were arrested under the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act for not standing during the anthem at a cinema, in the first such arrest of its kind made by a state government. On 3 July 2023, an executive magistrate in Srinagar sent 11 men to jail for a week, allegedly not rising for the anthem at a 25 June event in the presence of J&K Lt Governor Manoj Sinha.[46] Other incidents of violent outbreaks associated with the policy were also reported.[47][48][49]

A cinema club in Kerala (whose film festival was required to comply with the order, leading to several arrests) challenged the order as an infringement of their fundamental rights, arguing that cinemas were "singularly unsuited for the gravitas and sobriety that must accompany the playing of the national anthem", and that the films screened would often "be at odds with sentiments of national respect".[50] In October 2017, Justice Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud questioned the intent of the order, arguing that citizens "don't have to wear patriotism on our sleeve", and that it should not be assumed that people who do not stand for the anthem were any less patriotic than those who did. In January 2018, the order was lifted, pending further government discussion.[51][52][53]

In October 2019, a video of a Bengaluru couple being bullied for not standing up during the national anthem in a movie hall went viral. They were questioned "Are you Pakistani?". There was a debate on the issue; some lawyers recalled Article 21, some people called it a way to gain media attention and some recommended attending the movie after the national anthem is played to avoid any problems. But after the debate, the Supreme Court reversed its earlier order making it mandatory for cinema halls to play the National Anthem.[54]

In 2005, there were calls to delete the word "Sind"[n] and substitute it with the word Kashmir. The argument was that Sindh was no longer a part of India, having become part of Pakistan as a result of the Partition of 1947. Opponents of this proposal hold that the word "Sind" refers to the Indus[o] and Sindhi culture and that Sindhi people are a part of India's cultural fabric. The Supreme Court of India declined to change the national anthem and the wording remains unchanged.[citation needed]

In 2017 the state government of Jharkhand under the Bharatiya Janata Party proposed making the singing of the national anthem compulsory in Madrasas. This was met with opposition from a section of Muslim clerics because it violated the basic principles of the Islamic centres of learning.[56]

The full version of the national anthem requires duration of approximately 52 seconds to be played while the shorter version takes about 20 seconds. The national anthem is a symbol of pride for the citizens of the country and is required to be played on specifically designated occasions which are listed below.

Playing time of the full version of the national anthem is approximately 52 seconds. A short version consisting of the first and last lines of the stanza (playing time approximately 20 seconds) is also played on certain occasions.

The magnificent tiger, Panthera tigris is a striped animal. It has a thick yellow coat of fur with dark stripes. The combination of grace, strength, agility and enormous power has earned the tiger its pride of place as the national animal of India.

Sing 'Jana Gana Mana' with millions of others virtually! A specially designed experiment in collaboration with Prasar Bharati (the national broadcaster of India), and Virtual Bharat using artificial intelligence (AI) will convert your singing into the sounds of selected Indian musical instruments. Explore the experience at g.co/SoundsofIndia

~ Discover more about Rabindranath Tagore or about the Tagore brothers with Victoria Memorial Hall.

~ Explore musical instruments and the legends of Indian music with Indian Music Experience Museum

~ Learn more about the story behind MF Husain's mural at Tata Institute of Fundamental Research.

~ Listen to the anthem's tune on violin played by Master Fazil Afzaal of Dilli Gharana at six years of age.

In March 2016, a message claiming that UNESCO had named India's "Jana Gana Mana" as the best anthem in the world began circulating on Facebook. This rumor was a reiteration of one that originated in 2008, when it was widely shared via e-mail:

To keep an uninteresting story short, I was working on a project on Niger earlier this year for AP Human Geography. Part of that project had me listen to the anthem and look at the lyrics. I remarked to some of my friends that it was not very good and also how hard it was to find a quality version of it. The first friend suggested we rank every anthem, and I laughed it off. Then a second friend said the same to me in an unrelated conversation, and from there it was destiny.

We used the tier list system. For those who have never heard of it, I explained it in the intro to my Westworld series, but it is essentially a series of categories of quality. The top tier contains the highest quality anthems, and as you descend they are overall worse in our opinion. Within these tiers, they are also ordered. The top left country is the best in that tier, and the bottom right the worst.

I actually come here looking for a place where I could download the Bhutanese anthem. I was surprised is in the bad category, but it might be the case of the version. The instrumental one available on YouTube or Wikipedia is just awesome! Like from an Asian fantasy movie.

You are absolutely right!!! It is one of the very few non-Western countries that actually have an anthem that might be from local traditional music! Colonization was a terrible terrible thing, it destroyed even the self esteem of the colonized.

Hey Braden and the staff of CT. A renowned youtuber from Argentina quoted your note. Personally, I love that the anthem of my country is the one that you liked the most. I leave you the link to the video I mentioned. Greetings from Argentina