In 1983, Scorsese began work on this long-cherished personal project. The Last Temptation of Christ, based on the 1955 novel written by Nikos Kazantzakis, retold the life of Christ in human rather than divine terms. Barbara Hershey recalls introducing Scorsese to the book while they were filming Boxcar Bertha.[55] The film was slated to shoot under the Paramount Pictures banner, but shortly before principal photography was to start, Paramount pulled the plug on the project, citing pressure from religious groups. In this aborted 1983 version, Aidan Quinn was cast as Jesus, and Sting was cast as Pontius Pilate. (In the 1988 version, these roles were played by Willem Dafoe and David Bowie respectively.) However, following his mid-1980s flirtation with commercial Hollywood, Scorsese made a major return to personal filmmaking with the project; Universal Pictures agreed to finance the film as Scorsese agreed to make a more mainstream film for the studio in the future (it eventually resulted in Cape Fear).[56] Even prior to its 1988 release, the film (adapted by Taxi Driver and Raging Bull veteran Paul Schrader) caused a massive furor, with worldwide protests against its perceived blasphemy effectively turning a low-budget independent film into a media sensation.[57] Most of the controversy centered on the final passages of the film, which depicted Christ marrying and raising a family with Mary Magdalene in a Satan-induced hallucination while on the cross.

Taxi Driver is a 1976 American neo-noir psychological thriller film directed by Martin Scorsese, written by Paul Schrader, and starring Robert De Niro, Jodie Foster, Cybill Shepherd, Harvey Keitel, Peter Boyle, Leonard Harris, and Albert Brooks. Set in a decaying and morally bankrupt New York City following the Vietnam War, the film follows Travis Bickle (De Niro), a veteran and taxi driver, and his deteriorating mental state as he works nights in the city.


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In New York City, Travis Bickle takes a job as a night shift taxi driver to cope with his chronic insomnia and loneliness. He frequently goes to the porn theaters on 42nd Street and keeps a diary in which he consciously attempts to include aphorisms such as "you're only as healthy as you feel." He becomes disgusted with the crime and urban decay that he witnesses in the city and dreams about ridding "the scum off the streets."

Experiencing an existential crisis and seeing various acts of prostitution throughout the city, Travis confides in a fellow taxi driver nicknamed Wizard about his violent thoughts. However, Wizard dismisses them and assures him that he will be fine. In an attempt to find an outlet for his rage, Travis begins a program of intense physical training. A fellow taxi driver recommends him to a black market gun dealer, Easy Andy, from whom Travis buys four handguns. At home, Travis practices drawing his weapons, and modifies one to allow him to hide and quickly deploy it from his sleeve. He begins attending Palantine's rallies to scope out his security. One night, Travis shoots and kills a man attempting to rob a convenience store run by a friend of his.

Schrader also used himself as inspiration. In a 1981 interview with Tom Snyder on The Tomorrow Show, he related his experience of living in New York City while battling chronic insomnia, which led him to frequent pornographic bookstores and theaters because they remained open all night. Following a divorce and a breakup with a live-in girlfriend, he spent a few weeks living in his car. After visiting a hospital for a stomach ulcer, Schrader wrote the screenplay for Taxi Driver in "under a fortnight." He states, "The first draft was maybe 60 pages, and I started the next draft immediately, and it took less than two weeks." Schrader recalls, "I realized I hadn't spoken to anyone in weeks [...] that was when the metaphor of the taxi occurred to me. That is what I was: this person in an iron box, a coffin, floating around the city, but seemingly alone." Schrader decided to make Bickle a Vietnam vet because the national trauma of the war seemed to blend perfectly with Bickle's paranoid psychosis, making his experiences after the war more intense and threatening.[13]

While preparing for his role as Bickle, De Niro was filming Bernardo Bertolucci's 1900 in Italy. According to Boyle, he would "finish shooting on a Friday in Rome ... get on a plane ... [and] fly to New York." De Niro obtained a taxi driver's license, and when on break, would pick up a taxi and drive around New York for a couple of weeks before returning to Rome to resume filming 1900. De Niro apparently lost 16 kilograms (35 pounds) and listened repeatedly to a taped reading of the diaries of criminal Arthur Bremer. When he had time off from shooting 1900, De Niro visited an army base in Northern Italy and tape-recorded soldiers from the Midwestern United States, whose accents he thought might be appropriate for Travis's character.[15]

Hybrids may only change the eccentricity...I can't source this at the moment, but in conversation with a Prius driver while researching new car potentials, they are designed to be driven hard to maximize the benefit of the electric motor. Gun up to your traffic speed and slam on the brakes to a stop.

I had just finished a hectic two-day business trip in Sydney and was ready to go home. When I got into my taxi for the half-hour ride to the airport, my thoughts were on all the things I had to do once I got back.

The taxi driver explained that there were several routes he could take to the airport; however, he recommended only one of them because of the time of day. I commented that he seemed to know his business.

He quickly discovered that some drivers were more reliable than others. He found that if he hired people who were in their 50s, had been in middle management, and been made redundant, they worked out as fantastic employees. They showed up on time, were extremely reliable, and got on very well with his passengers.

Public transport systems are a high-risk environment as many peoples are in confined spaces with limited ventilation and no access control to identify infected persons, which may facilitate and accelerate the transmission of COVID-19. The possibility of indirect spread of COVID-19 is not only about disease spread among commuters in close contact but also between drivers and passengers. The World Health Organization (WHO) indicates that taxi drivers and passengers are at high risk of contracting COVID-19 due to frequent contact with passenger service (4). In addition, taxi drivers have been recognized as an occupationally COVID-19 at-risk group (5, 6) due to the nature of their job in a closed space, as they may include passengers who may be affected. For example, taxi drivers in New York have been said to be on the battlefront taking COVID-19 patients to hospitals. As a result, some taxi drivers got ill from occupationally related exposures (7). In Thailand, between May and August 2021, 353 people were infected by public transportation, and 128 were taxi drivers. 36% of public transportation drivers died, and 47% (N = 49) of deaths were taxi drivers (8, 9). Persons in this profession are disproportionately negatively impacted by COVID-19. Despite this, taxi drivers can contribute to limiting the spread of COVID-19 (10) by using preventive measures, including cleaning vehicles and surfaces frequently, checking the fever of staff and passengers, improving vehicle ventilation, using masks, and keeping a physical distance (11).

The literature review revealed that most research on taxi drivers focused on socioeconomic and service behaviors. There was no study on behavior in preventing COVID-19 among taxi drivers in Thailand. As a result, this study explored the factors influencing behavior to prevent COVID-19 in taxi drivers.

During the pandemic, the COVID-19 preventive behaviors among taxi drivers in Thailand and the associated factors remain unknown. A greater understanding of factors associated with COVID-19 preventive behaviors among taxi drivers is important to reduce COVID-19 transmission in public transportation in Thailand to enhance the personal safety of both taxi drivers and their passengers during the COVID-19 situation and potentially improve the effectiveness of the public health response. This paper aims to describe factors influencing taxi drivers' COVID-19 preventive behaviors.

We found that marital status, underlying disease, and income adequacy were associated with COVID-19 preventive behaviors. The marriage status of taxi drivers was associated with COVID-19 preventive behaviors. Taxi drivers who were married had a greater predisposition to limiting the transmission of COVID-19 than those who were single/ widowed/divorced and separated. If a taxi driver gets COVID-19 infection, he may spread the virus to other family members. Moreover, COVID-19 may affect households in many ways, such as loss of income. Additionally, married persons were more likely to have a caregiver and an interest in marriage health care, which was supported by Pender's assumption that marital health care is a significant source of health promotion (24).

The underlying disease was associated with COVID-19 preventive behaviors, which may be related to the fact that COVID-19 frequently caused severe symptoms in people with underlying diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and heart disease. In this study, 23.2% of taxi drivers had a chronic illness. Thus, taxi drivers with underlying diseases showed more protective behaviors against COVID-19 than taxi drivers who did not have an underlying disease. In addition, Thailand had proactive measures to monitor and prevent high-risk groups, especially people with an underlying disease, by providing knowledge and increasing awareness of COVID-19 infection through various media. Therefore, taxi drivers also create new normal behaviors to prevent COVID-19 infection. 2351a5e196

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