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The word aggression is familiar to us. We say people are aggressive once they yell at or hit other people when their emotions trigger them. Some may show hostile aggression, others instrumental aggression.


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Human aggression is very hard to define because it involves perceiving that what looks like aggression to one person may not look that way to another. Frequently harmful acts are not seen as dangerous depending on their intent.

Every parent wants a happy, well-behaved, intelligent, and curious child. A child that everyone in the community adores. But what if your child is moody, often exceedingly sad or depressed? What if your child hits, pushes, bites, or spits on other children? What if your child shows signs of committing hostile and instrumental aggression?

On the other hand, instrumental aggression is when an individual intentionally acts aggressively to achieve a particular purpose. This type is different from hostile aggression because there is no emotional drive in the aggression but a purpose. It also refers to cognitive aggression.

Hostile and Instrumental aggressions as forms of aggression are different because of their goals. In Hostile Aggression, the goal is to harm someone triggered by an emotional reaction. On the other hand, instrumental aggression wants to achieve something and is not about emotional responses at all.

What ways could help prevent having kids prone to commit hostile aggression? Moreover, what tips could help search for more home-friendly methods to limiting if not stopping instrumental aggression in children?

Music plays an important role across all stages of human development (Thompson and Olsen, 2021). Mental health practitioners (e.g., music therapists, psychologists) and researchers recognise that music listening preferences and behaviours are important to social and emotional wellbeing for adolescents and young adults (F. Baker & Bor, 2008; McFerran, 2016; McFerran et al., 2016) and can support neurological functions (Brancatisano et al., 2020). A body of research spanning more than 30 years has aimed to elucidate the nature of these relationships. However, with the emergence of music genres that contain aggressive lyrical themes such as rap and heavy metal music, researchers have considered the possibility that some forms of music engagement may have negative consequences (e.g., St. Lawrence & Joyner, 1991; Warburton, 2012). Such genres often explore aggressive and violent antisocial themes, leading to media reports of moral panic by community groups, parents, and politicians (Walser, 2013). At the heart of such concerns is the possibility that music with aggressive themes might negatively impact upon the behaviour and mental health of adolescents and young adults.

Heavy metal music with aggressive themes has been identified as a potential risk factor for externalising behaviours (characterised by aggression and antisocial behaviour), internalising behaviours (characterised by depression and anxiety), and unhealthy behaviours such as substance use and self-harm (Bodner & Bensimon, 2015; McFerran et al., 2016; Miranda, 2013). Such concerns are also evident within other domains of media violence, such as violent video games (e.g., APA, 2015; Anderson et al., 2010; Greitemeyer and Mgge, 2014). However, despite numerous claims that engagement with violent media can lead to negative outcomes, meta-analyses (and especially those focused on preregistered studies) suggest that such risks are modest at best (e.g., Drummond et al., 2020; Ferguson, 2015; Ferguson et al., 2020; Hilgard et al., 2019; Przybylski & Weinstein, 2019).

There is also limited evidence to justify serious concerns about the negative impact of prolonged exposure to heavy metal, yet such concerns persist and have influenced social attitudes and policy decision-making at political and institutional levels. In some cases, there have been calls for certain music groups to be banned entirely (for discussions of music censorship, see Chastagner, 1999; Cooper, 2011; Hines & McFerran, 2014; Peters, 2019; Savage, 2018; Wright, 2000; for the perspectives of fans, see Hines & McFerran, 2014). Despite these public concerns, many adolescents and young adults report that music enhances their social and emotional wellbeing, including music with aggressive themes (McFerran & Saarikallio, 2014; McFerran et al., 2015; North et al., 2000; Olsen & Thompson, 2021; Thompson et al., 2019). The need for increased understanding of how listeners use music in their daily lives is particularly important, as music-use can have both detrimental and enhancing effects on wellbeing and mental health (Loxton et al., 2016; Lozon & Bensimon, 2014; McFerran et al., 2016; Miranda, 2013; Olsen et al., 2022). The present narrative literature review evaluates and synthesises existing research findings on the risks and benefits of engaging with heavy metal music with aggressive themes. The review is grounded within the field of music psychology and aims to ensure that clinical decision-making (e.g., discouraging or encouraging listening) is informed by empirical evidence.

Not all heavy metal music features aggressive or violent lyrics. Indeed, many heavy metal songs address pro-social issues of politics, religion, the environment, global inequality and imbalances of power (Brown et al., 2016; Walser, 2013). The diversity of themes in heavy metal makes it impossible to generalise findings from specific songs to the entire genre. With this in mind, our review critically evaluates investigations of the psychosocial outcomes of engaging with heavy metal music, but with specific focus on the impact of heavy metal music that features explicitly aggressive themes.

The lyrical themes of heavy metal music sometimes depict acts of aggression, violence and misogyny, so researchers have investigated whether exposure to such music might lead to increases in anger, aggressive cognitions, and aggressive/antisocial behaviours. Anger and aggression are distinct outcomes. Anger is a feeling or emotion, whereas aggression refers to a behaviour or action that is hostile or violent, such as physical assault, verbal threats, or self-harm. Violent media may sometimes induce anger without inducing behaviour that is aggressive.

Research has also explored the relationship between listening to heavy metal music with violent lyrics on aggressive cognitions. For instance, exposure to misogynistic and misandrist lyrics (vs. neutral lyrics) across a range of genres including heavy metal resulted in an increase in aggressive cognitions towards the opposite sex (Fischer & Greitemeyer, 2006). Furthermore, a group of undergraduate participants who were not screened for fandom reported increased state hostility and greater access to aggressive thoughts after listening to a heavy metal song with violent lyrics, compared to participants who listened to a heavy metal song with non-violent lyrics (Anderson et al., 2003). A powerful feature of this investigation is that it controlled music genre, used multiple exemplars of violent and nonviolent songs across multiple experiments, and examined the moderating effects of trait hostility. e24fc04721

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