Download Happy Faces Images

Despite numerous reports, the happy-face advantage is far from clear-cut. In fact, there are several notable contradictory findings (Johansson et al., 2004; Sergerie et al., 2005, 2010; Righi et al., 2012), where memory for faces with negative expressions was better than with a positive or neutral expression.

One potential cause of the discrepancy may be the way the face stimuli were manipulated (Chen et al., 2011). Since physically distinctive faces are easier to discriminate than more typical faces (Valentine, 1991), it is critical to compare the effects of the expressions on the same face identities. The present study was an attempt to control identity differences while comparing the effects of all six basic emotional expressions on face recognition memory.

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Studies have shown that facial expression has different effects on long-term and short-term face memory. In a short-term memory task such as face matching, performance is indistinguishable for faces displaying happy or disgust expressions (Levy and Bentin, 2008). Matching performance for happy faces is also comparable to that for faces with a sad or neutral expression (Chen et al., 2011). Similarly, immediate face recognition was not influenced by emotional expressions (i.e., smile, neutral, and anger) for 3 and 5 year old children (Freitag and Schwarzer, 2011). However, the effects can depend on the type of task. For example, more angry faces could be held in a working memory task (Jackson et al., 2009). In the present study, we have focused on the effect of expression on long-term memory. As noted earlier, the happy face advantage has been mainly demonstrated in long-term memory tasks, where participants are typically required to remember a series of faces in a training session, and later their recognition memory of the trained faces is measured in a test session. However, no study has compared all these basic facial expressions in a long-term memory task. Although Chen et al. (2011) compared effects of all basic facial expressions on identity recognition, they only tested short-term memory in a matching task. In the present study, because we employed the same set of stimuli in Chen et al. (2011), it was easier to make a comparison between the effects of the same expressions on long-term and short-term memory of face identities.

Faces with a disgust expression produced worst mean accuracy of recognition memory. The effect of this expression on long-term memory was not studied previously. However, a similar effect was found in a short-term memory task: along with the angry expression, disgust also produced poorest matching performance in both accuracy and response time (Chen et al., 2011). A disgust or angry expression made a face identity more difficult to match, regardless of whether the task required matching faces in the same expression or different expressions. Although memory for angry faces was not significantly worse than for happy faces in our study, the level of performance for angry faces was similar to that for disgusted faces. However, there is also an important difference between the results of these tasks. In the present recognition task, the happy expression condition was the only one that produced superior recognition performance to the disgust expression. In the matching task reported in the previous study, however, some expression conditions (such as sadness and fear) other than the happy-expression condition were also matched more accurately than those showing a disgust or angry expression. Chen et al. (2011) pointed out that the difference between the results of these tasks could mean that happy faces linger longer in memory, although perceptually they are not necessarily easier to match than faces with some other expressions.

The pattern of the results in the present study is not easily explained by predictions based on an appraisal of emotional valence alone. The valence of surprise can be more neutral, or less negative relative to some of the expressions such as sadness, fear, and anger, yet there is no indication that faces with a surprise expression could be remembered more accurately than faces with negative expressions. However, it would be simplistic to dismiss the valence prediction based on the lack of significant difference between these conditions.

A similar mixed picture for the valence account was reported in prior research on effects of expression in face matching (Chen and Liu, 2009). Since happiness produced better matching performance than expressions of disgust and anger, results in Chen et al. (2011) fit with the valence account based on the contrast of positive vs. negative emotions. However, the researchers found it difficult to explain why the happy expression was not also more effective in producing better matching performance than other negative expressions such as sadness or fear. Given the common pattern of results from the present and previous studies, it is possible that recognition performance is affected by appraisals of specific content of an expression rather than by a simple dichotomous valence metric alone.

Some studies have shown that the benefit of emotional stimuli relative to a neutral one on memory is driven by both the valence of stimuli and the arousal intensity of induced emotion (LaBar and Cabeza, 2006). For example, the arousal value of a fearful expression may be higher relative to happy and neutral stimuli (Morel et al., 2009). It is possible that memory processes are related specifically to emotionally arousing faces. Since the present study only used the highest intensity for all expressions, we were not able to evaluate this possibility. The potential interaction between the effects of expression and emotional intensity can be a meaningful question for future research.

First impressions of traits are formed rapidly and nonconsciously, suggesting an automatic process. We examined whether first impressions of trustworthiness are mandatory, another component of automaticity in face processing. In Experiment 1a, participants rated faces displaying subtle happy, subtle angry, and neutral expressions on trustworthiness. Happy faces were rated as more trustworthy than neutral faces; angry faces were rated as less trustworthy. In Experiment 1b, participants learned eight identities, half showing subtle happy and half showing subtle angry expressions. They then rated neutral images of these same identities (plus four novel neutral faces) on trustworthiness. Multilevel modeling analyses showed that identities previously shown with subtle expressions of happiness were rated as more trustworthy than novel identities. There was no effect of previously seen subtle angry expressions on ratings of trustworthiness. Mandatory first impressions based on subtle facial expressions were also reflected in two ratings designed to assess real-world outcomes. Participants indicated that they were more likely to vote for identities that had posed happy expressions and more likely to loan them money. These findings demonstrate that first impressions of trustworthiness based on previously seen subtle happy, but not angry, expressions are mandatory and are likely to have behavioral consequences.

Hi, I was wondering how to assign an alt text to those images. Say I've got 3 images assigned to 3 choices: love, neutral, hate. How will a screen reader announce the images? Where can I set the alt text?

To encourage giving, many charities that serve people in need use photos depicting either happy people or sad ones in their pitches. These pictures symbolize the people who will benefit from donations made in response to those appeals.

As we explained in the Nonprofit Management & Leadership journal, we found that participants with high levels of charitable involvement were more likely to express an intent to donate in response to happy pictures. People who were less involved with charities were more likely to say they were interested in donating after seeing sad images.

What should fundraisers learn from our findings? Nonprofits may want to tailor their materials based on their target audience. Specifically, campaigns should use sad-faced ads to target people with weaker ties to charities. But for people with stronger connections, happy-faced ads may be a safer bet.

The story of the Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) onboard the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft began with a proposal to NASA in 1985. The first MOC flew on Mars Observer, a spacecraft that was lost before it reached the red planet in 1993. Now, after 14 years of effort, a MOC has finally been placed in the desired mapping orbit. The MOC team's happiness is perhaps best expressed by the planet Mars itself. On the first day of the Mapping Phase of the MGS mission--during the second week of March 1999--MOC was greeted with this view of "Happy Face Crater" (center right) smiling back at the camera from its location on the east side of Argyre Planitia. This crater is officially known as Galle Crater, and it is about 215 kilometers (134 miles) across. The picture was taken by the MOC's red and blue wide angle cameras. The bluish-white tone is caused by wintertime frost. Illumination is from the upper left. For more information and Viking Orbiter views of "Happy Face Crater," see _face/happy_face.html. Photo Credit: NASA/JPL/Malin Space Science Systems

So what's the science behind it? Do people respond to smiles subconsciously in the hopes of becoming as happy as the model in the picture? Smiles in ads have thus far been used merely intuitively, but the effects of smiles in printed ads have only recently been backed up by science.

Marketers have been notorious for creating the illusion of a world in which a product can make a person happy. This new insight sheds a different light on what a smile actually does to the viewer. In fact, it is the smile that puts a smile on your face rather than the product.

Let's look at sadness for example. If smiles make customers happy, do sad faces make customers sad? While sadness might in some cases seem relevant (e.g, for a charity campaign), it is not typically an emotion that activates people. In fact, neuromarketing research shows that micro lending requests had more success when people were exposed to happy faces. 2351a5e196