Despite the prevalence of higher-level languages, the C programming language continues to empower the world. There are plenty of reasons to believe that C programming will remain active for a long time. Here are some reasons that C is unbeatable, and almost mandatory, for certain applications.
iOS, Android and Windows Phone kernels are also written in C. They are just mobile adaptations of existing Mac OS, Linux and Windows kernels. So smartphones you use every day are running on a C kernel.
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3D movies are created with applications that are generally written in C and C++. Those applications need to be very efficient and fast, since they handle a huge amount of data and do many calculations per second. The more efficient they are, the less time it takes for the artists and animators to generate the movie shots, and the more money the company saves.
Imagine that you wake up one day and go shopping. The alarm clock that wakes you up is likely programmed in C. Then you use your microwave or coffee maker to make your breakfast. They are also embedded systems and therefore are probably programmed in C. You turn on your TV or radio while you eat your breakfast. Those are also embedded systems, powered by C. When you open your garage door with the remote control you are also using an embedded system that is most likely programmed in C.
You get to the store, park your car and go to a vending machine to get a soda. What language did they use to program this vending machine? Probably C. Then you buy something at the store. The cash register is also programmed in C. And when you pay with your credit card? You guessed it: the credit card reader is, again, likely programmed in C.
All those devices are embedded systems. They are like small computers that have a microcontroller/microprocessor inside that is running a program, also called firmware, on embedded devices. That program must detect key presses and act accordingly, and also display information to the user. For example, the alarm clock must interact with the user, detecting what button the user is pressing and, sometimes, how long it is being pressed, and program the device accordingly, all while displaying to the user the relevant information. The anti-lock brake system of the car, for example, must be able to detect sudden locking of the tires and act to release the pressure on the brakes for a small period of time, unlocking them, and thereby preventing uncontrolled skidding. All those calculations are done by a programmed embedded system.
There are many programming languages, today, that allow developers to be more productive than with C for different kinds of projects. There are higher level languages that provide much larger built-in libraries that simplify working with JSON, XML, UI, web pages, client requests, database connections, media manipulation, and so on.
A microcontroller could be architected, for example, such that the byte in memory address 0x40008000 will be sent by the universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (or UART, a common hardware component for communicating with peripherals) every time bit number 4 of address 0x40008001 is set to 1, and that after you set that bit, it will be automatically unset by the peripheral.
This line tells the compiler to interpret the value 0x40008000 as a pointer to a char, then to dereference (give the value pointed to by) that pointer (with the leftmost * operator) and finally to assign byte value to that dereferenced pointer. In other words: write the value of variable byte to memory address 0x40008000.
When compared to C++, for example, a C-generated binary that goes to an embedded device is about half the size of a binary generated by similar C++ code. One of the main causes for that is exceptions support.
Methods of A, B and C classes are defined somewhere else (for example in other files). Therefore the compiler cannot analyze them and cannot know if they will throw exceptions. So it must prepare to handle exceptions thrown from any of their constructors, destructors, or other method calls. Destructors should not throw (very bad practice), but the user could throw anyway, or they could throw indirectly by calling some function or method (explicitly or implicitly) that throws an exception.
If the exception is thrown from checkpoints 1 and 9, no object needs destruction. For checkpoint 3, b and a must be destructed. For checkpoint 6, c and a must be destructed. In all cases the destruction order must be respected. For checkpoints 2, 4, 5, 7, and 8, only object a needs to be destructed.
This auxiliary function adds size to the code. This is part of the space overhead that C++ adds to C. Many embedded applications cannot afford this extra space. Therefore, C++ compilers for embedded systems often have a flag to disable exceptions. Disabling exceptions in C++ is not free, because the Standard Template Library heavily relies on exceptions to inform errors. Using this modified scheme, without exceptions, requires more training for C++ developers to detect possible issues or find bugs.
We would rarely discuss (or think) about the assembly instructions that a portion of code is executing when analyzing the behavior of a portion of code of a high level language. Instead, when discussing what the machine is doing, we speak (or think) pretty clearly in C.
The world is running on C-powered devices. We use these devices every day whether we realize it or not. C is the past, the present, and, as far as we can see, still the future for many areas of software. 152ee80cbc
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