In Plato's Timaeus (58d) speaking about air, Plato mentions that "there is the most translucent kind which is called by the name of aether ()"[9] but otherwise he adopted the classical system of four elements. Aristotle, who had been Plato's student at the Academy, agreed on this point with his former mentor, emphasizing additionally that fire has sometimes been mistaken for aether. However, in his Book On the Heavens he introduced a new "first" element to the system of the classical elements of Ionian philosophy. He noted that the four terrestrial classical elements were subject to change and naturally moved linearly. The first element however, located in the celestial regions and heavenly bodies, moved circularly and had none of the qualities the terrestrial classical elements had. It was neither hot nor cold, neither wet nor dry. With this addition the system of elements was extended to five and later commentators started referring to the new first one as the fifth and also called it aether, a word that Aristotle had used in On the Heavens and the Meteorology.[10]

Aether differed from the four terrestrial elements; it was incapable of motion of quality or motion of quantity. Aether was only capable of local motion. Aether naturally moved in circles, and had no contrary, or unnatural, motion. Aristotle also stated that celestial spheres made of aether held the stars and planets. The idea of aethereal spheres moving with natural circular motion led to Aristotle's explanation of the observed orbits of stars and planets in perfectly circular motion.[1][11]


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Medieval scholastic philosophers granted aether changes of density, in which the bodies of the planets were considered to be more dense than the medium which filled the rest of the universe.[12] Robert Fludd stated that the aether was "subtler than light". Fludd cites the 3rd-century view of Plotinus, concerning the aether as penetrative and non-material.[13]

Quintessence (?) is the Latinate name of the fifth element used by medieval alchemists for a medium similar or identical to that thought to make up the heavenly bodies. It was noted that there was very little presence of quintessence within the terrestrial sphere. Due to the low presence of quintessence, earth could be affected by what takes place within the heavenly bodies.[15] This theory was developed in the 14th century text The testament of Lullius, attributed to Ramon Llull.[citation needed] The use of quintessence became popular within medieval alchemy. Quintessence stemmed from the medieval elemental system, which consisted of the four classical elements, and aether, or quintessence, in addition to two chemical elements representing metals: sulphur, "the stone which burns", which characterized the principle of combustibility, and mercury, which contained the idealized principle of metallic properties.

With the 18th century physics developments, physical models known as "aether theories" made use of a similar concept for the explanation of the propagation of electromagnetic and gravitational forces. As early as the 1670s, Newton used the idea of aether to help match observations to strict mechanical rules of his physics.[18][a] The early modern aether had little in common with the aether of classical elements from which the name was borrowed. These aether theories are considered to be scientifically obsolete, as the development of special relativity showed that Maxwell's equations do not require the aether for the transmission of these forces. Einstein noted that his own model which replaced these theories could itself be thought of as an aether, as it implied that the empty space between objects had its own physical properties.[20]

Despite the early modern aether models being superseded by general relativity, occasionally some physicists have attempted to reintroduce the concept of aether in an attempt to address perceived deficiencies in current physical models.[21] One proposed model of dark energy has been named "quintessence" by its proponents, in honor of the classical element.[22] This idea relates to the hypothetical form of dark energy postulated as an explanation of observations of an accelerating universe. It has also been called a fifth fundamental force.

The motion of light was a long-standing investigation in physics for hundreds of years before the 20th century. The use of aether to describe this motion was popular during the 17th and 18th centuries, including a theory proposed by Johann II Bernoulli, who was recognized in 1736 with the prize of the French Academy. In his theory, all space is permeated by aether containing "excessively small whirlpools". These whirlpools allow for aether to have a certain elasticity, transmitting vibrations from the corpuscular packets of light as they travel through.[23]

In 1682, Jakob Bernoulli formulated the theory that the hardness of the bodies depended on the pressure of the aether.[26]Aether has been used in various gravitational theories as a medium to help explain gravitation and what causes it.

A few years later, aether was used in one of Sir Isaac Newton's first published theories of gravitation, Philosophi Naturalis Principia Mathematica (the Principia, 1687). He based the whole description of planetary motions on a theoretical law of dynamic interactions. He renounced standing attempts at accounting for this particular form of interaction between distant bodies by introducing a mechanism of propagation through an intervening medium.[27] He calls this intervening medium aether. In his aether model, Newton describes aether as a medium that "flows" continually downward toward the Earth's surface and is partially absorbed and partially diffused. This "circulation" of aether is what he associated the force of gravity with to help explain the action of gravity in a non-mechanical fashion.[27] This theory described different aether densities, creating an aether density gradient. His theory also explains that aether was dense within objects and rare without them. As particles of denser aether interacted with the rare aether they were attracted back to the dense aether much like cooling vapors of water are attracted back to each other to form water.[28] In the Principia he attempts to explain the elasticity and movement of aether by relating aether to his static model of fluids. This elastic interaction is what caused the pull of gravity to take place, according to this early theory, and allowed an explanation for action at a distance instead of action through direct contact. Newton also explained this changing rarity and density of aether in his letter to Robert Boyle in 1679.[28] He illustrated aether and its field around objects in this letter as well and used this as a way to inform Robert Boyle about his theory.[29] Although Newton eventually changed his theory of gravitation to one involving force and the laws of motion, his starting point for the modern understanding and explanation of gravity came from his original aether model on gravitation.[30][self-published source?]

Rest assured there will be excellent Aether Ant Tasks. Making sure that Aether works flawlessly inside Maven 3.x is our first priority, but we are committed to making a set of excellent Aether Ant Tasks. If you're interested in Aether Ant Tasks you can follow the progress [here][aether-ant-tasks].

The problem with aether was more in the story about the Shards and the fell twins. I felt that it was too less of it and what was there, was too disjointed and rushed which gives the impression that it is two separate books that have been mushed together.. I did not see the Vo-dari plot twist coming.. but i still do not like it. It does not make much sense. Why would they do that. Why would someone like Patriarch, who had earlier, come across as a wise man, just give in and plan for this to happen.. He planned for a long time, it appears. There was no real explanation given by him about why or how Vae convinced him. So, it came across as a plot-twist for the sake of a plot-twist, which is a first from brandon for me.. Also, the two plots: whole ''selection of the bride'' vs the ''impending apocalypse'' was a little ridiculous and did not mix coherently. I did like Darro, though, i think in the end, he did prove that he would have made a decent heir too.. There was no consequences for Laene too..

On the magic system, I feel like Amberite and its blade and plate, appears to be similar to shardblades and shardplates of Roshar. They can be formed on command, they are invincible against normal weapons, aether blades and plate heal and when released they dissolve. They come across as alive and the plate when covering your face is translucent. So, i think this idea has been consumed by brandon in Stormlight. Aethers seem to be alive, but are they shardblade-alive or just providing connection to gods.. i think the latter.. So, this aether, if became canon, might be different from as it is now..

Yes, it would.

The real question is why level with aether Cadence / Blade Arc when it can be done as physical Cadence / Blade Arc instead. Less complications that way and plays pretty much the same. 2351a5e196

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