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The Acadmie Franaise[a] (.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}French pronunciation: [akademi fsz]), also known as the French Academy, is the principal French council for matters pertaining to the French language. The Acadmie was officially established in 1635 by Cardinal Richelieu, the chief minister to King Louis XIII.[1] Suppressed in 1793 during the French Revolution, it was restored as a division of the Institut de France in 1803 by Napoleon Bonaparte.[1] It is the oldest of the five acadmies of the institute. The body has the duty of acting as an official authority on the language; it is tasked with publishing an official dictionary of the language.

The Acadmie comprises forty members, known as les immortels ("the immortals").[2] New members are elected by the members of the Acadmie itself. Academicians normally hold office for life, but they may resign or be dismissed for misconduct. Philippe Ptain, named Marshal of France after the Battle of Verdun of World War I, was elected to the Acadmie in 1931 and, after his governorship of Vichy France in World War II, was forced to resign his seat in 1945.[3]

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The Acadmie had its origins in an informal literary group deriving from the salons held at the Htel de Rambouillet during the late 1620s and early 1630s. The group began meeting at Valentin Conrart's house, seeking informality. There were then nine members. Cardinal Richelieu, the chief minister of France, made himself protector of the group, and in anticipation of the formal creation of the academy, new members were appointed in 1634. On 22 February 1635, at Richelieu's urging, King Louis XIII granted letters patent formally establishing the council; according to the letters patent registered at the Parlement de Paris on 10 July 1637,[1] the Acadmie Franaise was "to labor with all the care and diligence possible, to give exact rules to our language, to render it capable of treating the arts and sciences". The Acadmie Franaise has remained responsible for the regulation of French grammar, spelling, and literature.

Richelieu's model, the first academy devoted to eliminating the "impurities" of a language, was the Accademia della Crusca, founded in Florence in 1582, which formalized the already dominant position of the Tuscan dialect of Florence as the model for Italian; the Florentine academy had published its Vocabolario in 1612.[4]

During the French Revolution, the National Convention suppressed all royal academies, including the Acadmie Franaise. In 1792, the election of new members to replace those who died was prohibited; in 1793, the academies were themselves abolished. They were all replaced in 1795 by a single body called the Institut de France. Napoleon Bonaparte, as First Consul, decided to restore the former academies, but only as "classes" or divisions of the Institut de France. The second class of the Institut was responsible for the French language, and corresponded to the former Acadmie Franaise. When King Louis XVIII came to the throne in 1816, each class regained the title of "Acadmie"; accordingly, the second class of the Institut became the Acadmie Franaise. Since 1816, the existence of the Acadmie Franaise has been uninterrupted.[citation needed]

One of the immortels is chosen by their colleagues to be the Acadmie's Perpetual Secretary. The Secretary is called "Perpetual", as though the holder serves for life, but holds the ability to resign; they may thereafter be styled as "Honorary Perpetual Secretary", with three post-World War II Perpetual Secretaries having previously resigned due to old age. The Perpetual Secretary acts as a chairperson and chief representative of the Acadmie. The two other officers, a Director and a Chancellor, are elected for three-month terms. The most senior member, by date of election, is the Dean of the Acadmie.

The Acadmie publishes a dictionary of the French language, known as the Dictionnaire de l'Acadmie franaise, which is regarded as official in France. A special commission composed of several (but not all) of the members of the Acadmie compiles the work.[1]

The Acadmie is continuing work on the ninth edition, of which the first volume (A to Enzyme) appeared in 1992,[1] ocne to Mappemonde was published in 2000, and Maquereau to Quotit in 2011. In 1778, the Acadmie attempted to compile a "historical dictionary" of the French language; this idea was later abandoned, the work never progressing past the letter A.

As the use of English terms by media increased over the years, the Acadmie has tried to prevent the Anglicization of the French language. For example, the Acadmie has recommended the avoidance of loanwords from modern English (such as walkman, computer, software and e-mail), in favour of neologisms, i.e. newly coined French words derived from existing ones (baladeur, ordinateur, logiciel, and courriel respectively).

The Acadmie has also noted that anglicisms have been present in the French language since the 1700s, and has criticized the view that anglicisms present an "invasion" on the French language. It distinguishes anglicisms into three categories: some that are useful to the French language and introduced vocabulary which did not have a French equivalent at the time (the Acadmie cites the word "confortable" as an example, from the English "comfortable"); others that are detrimental and only establish more confusion as the original meaning of the word is distorted in translation; and others still that are useless or avoidable, a category of anglicisms used by "snobs" who use words from an English provenance to demarcate themselves from society and appear "in vogue". For the last category of anglicisms, the Acadmie writes that those words are typically short-lived in French parlance.[9] The Acadmie Franaise has informed government officials to stop using English gaming terms like "e-sports", it should be "jeu video de competition". Likewise "streamer" should be "joueur-animateur en direct".[10]

The Acadmie Franaise intervened in June 2008 to oppose the French Government's proposal to constitutionally offer recognition and protection to regional languages (Flemish, Alsatian, Basque, Breton, Catalan, Corsican, Occitan, Gascon, and Arpitan).[12]

The Office qubcois de la langue franaise (.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}Canadian French: [fs kebekw d la l fsaz], OQLF; English: Quebec Board of the French Language[3]) is a Quebec public provincial organization established on 24 March 1961, by the Liberal government of Jean Lesage. Attached to the Ministre de la Culture et des Communications (Ministry of Culture and Communications), its initial mission, defined in its report of 1 April 1964, was "to align on international French, promote good Canadianisms and fight Anglicisms ... work on the normalization of the language in Quebec and support State intervention to carry out a global language policy that would consider notably the importance of socio-economic motivations in making French the priority language in Quebec".[4]

The creation of a "Board of the French language" (Rgie de la langue franaise) was one of the recommendations of the Tremblay Royal Commission of Inquiry on Constitutional Problems which published its five-volume report in 1956.[4] Such an institution was part of the list of 46 vows formulated by the Second Congress on the French Language in Canada held in Quebec City in 1937.

In 1961, the Act to establish the Department of Cultural Affairs was passed providing for the creation of the Office of the French Language (OLF). The organization had as its mission the assurance of the correct usage of French and enrichment of the spoken and written language. In 1969, the Act to promote the French language was passed. This law expanded the mandate of the office and introduced the notion of the right to work in French.

In 1974, the Official Language Act was passed aiming to strengthen the status and use of French in Quebec and gives the office a decisive role in the implementation of its provisions. In 1977, the Charter of the French Language was passed. The first mandatory language law, it incorporates several elements of the Official Language Act, which it broadens, and substantially enhances the status of the French language in Quebec. For its implementation, the Charter establishes, in addition to the Office de la langue franaise, the Commission de toponymie, the Commission de surveillance et des enqutes and the Conseil de la langue franaise.

The office was renamed as the Office qubcois de la langue franaise (OQLF) pursuant to the adoption of Bill 104 by the National Assembly of Quebec on 12 June 2003, which also merged the OLF with the Commission de protection de la langue franaise (Commission of protection of the French language) and part of the Conseil suprieur de la langue franaise. Two new mandates, the handling of complaints and the monitoring of the linguistic situation, were then entrusted to the OQLF. The organization has also instituted two committees each chaired by a member of the Board: the Linguistic Officialization Committee and the Language Status Monitoring Committee.

Many distinctions are given by the OQLF to reward persons and organizations contributing to the survival of the French language in the Americas. They are given as part of the Grand gala des Mrites du franais which occurs each year, usually in March during the FrancoFte. 2351a5e196