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Some research suggests that there is a third type of motivation: family motivation. An example of this type is going to work when you are not motivated to do so internally (no intrinsic motivation), but because it is a means to support your family financially.

The degree of each of these components of motivation can impact whether you achieve your goal. Strong activation, for example, means that you are more likely to start pursuing a goal. Persistence and intensity will determine if you keep working toward that goal and how much effort you devote to reaching it.

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Sometimes a persistent lack of motivation is tied to a mental health condition such as depression. Talk to your doctor if you are feeling symptoms of apathy and low mood that last longer than two weeks.

Menges JI, Tussing DV, Wihler A, Grant AM. When job performance is all relative: How family motivation energizes effort and compensates for intrinsic motivation. Acad Managem J. 2016;60(2):695-719. doi:10.5465/amj.2014.0898

Eventually, Maslow extended the theory to include a need for self-transcendence: People reach the pinnacle of growth and find the highest meaning in life by attending to things beyond the self. Although the universality of Maslow's theory has been challenged, many believe it captures fundamental truths about human motivation.

Extrinsic motivation is any reason someone does work other than the joy of doing the work itself. Anything promised for completing the task or received as a result of completing the task are extrinsic motivators. An extrinsic motivator needs three elements to be successful, according to research by psychologist Victor Vroom: expectancy (believing that increased effort will lead to increased performance), instrumentality (believing that a better performance will be noticed and rewarded), and valence (wanting the reward that is promised).

Motivation is an internal state that propels individuals to engage in goal-directed behavior. It is often understood as a force that explains why people or animals initiate, continue, or terminate a certain behavior at a particular time. It is a complex phenomenon and its precise definition is disputed. It contrasts with amotivation, which is a state of apathy or listlessness. Motivation is studied in fields like psychology, motivation science, and philosophy.

Motivational states are characterized by their direction, intensity, and persistence. The direction of a motivational state is shaped by the goal it aims to achieve. Intensity is the strength of the state and affects whether the state is translated into action and how much effort is employed. Persistence refers to how long an individual is willing to engage in an activity. Motivation is often divided into two phases: in the first phase, the individual establishes a goal, while in the second phase, they attempt to reach this goal.

Many types of motivation are discussed in the academic literature. Intrinsic motivation comes from internal factors like enjoyment and curiosity. It contrasts with extrinsic motivation, which is driven by external factors like obtaining rewards and avoiding punishment. For conscious motivation, the individual is aware of the motive driving the behavior, which is not the case for unconscious motivation. Other types include rational and irrational motivation, biological and cognitive motivation, short-term and long-term motivation, and egoistic and altruistic motivation.

Theories of motivation are conceptual frameworks that seek to explain motivational phenomena. Content theories aim to describe which internal factors motivate people and which goals they commonly follow. Examples are the hierarchy of needs, the two-factor theory, and the learned needs theory. They contrast with process theories, which discuss the cognitive, emotional, and decision-making processes that underlie human motivation, like expectancy theory, equity theory, goal-setting theory, self-determination theory, and reinforcement theory. Motivation is relevant to many fields. It affects educational success, work performance, athletic success, and economic behavior. It is further pertinent in the fields of personal development, health, and criminal law.

Motivation is often understood as an internal state or force that propels individuals to engage and persist in goal-directed behavior.[1] Motivational states explain why people or animals initiate, continue, or terminate a certain behavior at a particular time.[2] Motivational states are characterized by the goal they intend to achieve as well as the intensity and duration invested in realizing their goal.[3] Different motivational states have different degrees of strength and strong states are more likely to influence behavior.[4] Motivation contrasts with amotivation, which is a lack of interest in a certain activity or a resistance to it.[5] In a slightly different sense, the word "motivation" can also refer to the act of motivating someone and to a reason or goal for doing something.[6] It comes from the Latin term movere (to move).[7]

The traditional discipline studying motivation is psychology. It investigates how motivation arises, which factors influence it, and what effects it has.[8] Motivation science is a more recent field of inquiry focused on an integrative approach that tries to link insights from different subdisciplines.[9] Neurology is interested in the underlying neurological mechanisms, such as the involved brain areas and neurotransmitters.[10] Philosophy aims to clarify the nature of motivation and understand its relation to other concepts.[11]

Many academic definitions of motivation have been proposed but there is little consensus on its precise characterization.[15] This is partly because motivation is a complex phenomenon with many aspects and different definitions often focus on different aspects.[16] Some definitions emphasize internal factors. This can involve psychological aspects in relation to desires and volitions or physiological aspects regarding physical needs.[17] For example, John Dewey and Abraham Maslow use a psychological perspective to understand motivation as a form of desire[18] while Jackson Beatty and Charles Ransom Gallistel see it as a physical process akin to hunger and thirst.[19]

Some definitions stress the continuity between human and animal motivation, but others draw a clear distinction between the two. This is often emphasized by the idea that human agents act for reasons and are not mechanistically driven to follow their strongest impulse.[20] A closely related disagreement concerns the role of awareness and rationality. Definitions emphasizing this aspect understand motivation as a mostly conscious process of rationally considering the most appropriate behavior. Another perspective emphasizes the multitude of unconscious and subconscious factors responsible.[21]

Other definitions characterize motivation as a form of arousal that provides energy to direct and maintain behavior.[22] For instance, K. B. Madsen sees motivation as "the 'driving force' behind behavior" while Elliott S. Vatenstein and Roderick Wong emphasize that motivation leads to goal-oriented behavior that is interested in consequences.[23] The role of goals in motivation is sometimes paired with the claim that it leads to flexible behavior in contrast to blind reflexes or fixed stimulus-response patterns. This is based on the idea that individuals use means to bring about the goal and are flexible in regard to what means they employ.[24] According to this view, the feeding behavior of rats is based on motivation since they can learn to traverse through complicated mazes to satisfy their hunger, which is not the case for the stimulus-bound feeding behavior of flies.[25]

Some psychologists define motivation as a temporary and reversible process.[26] For example, Robert A. Hinde and John Alcock see it as a transitory state that affects responsiveness to stimuli.[27] This approach makes it possible to contrast motivation with phenomena like learning which bring about permanent behavioral changes.[26]

Another approach is to provide a very broad characterization to cover many different aspects of motivation. This often results in very long definitions by including many of the factors listed above.[28] The multitude of definitions and the lack of consensus have prompted some theorists, like psychologists B. N. Bunnell and Donald A. Dewsbury, to doubt that the concept of motivation is theoretically useful and to see it instead as a mere hypothetical construct.[29]

The term "motivation" is closely related to the term "motive" and the two terms are often used as synonyms.[30] However, some theorists distinguish their precise meanings as technical terms. For example, psychologist Andrea Fuchs understands motivation as the "sum of separate motives".[31] According to psychologist Ruth Kanfer, motives are stable dispositional tendencies that contrast with the dynamic nature of motivation as a fluctuating internal state.[12]

Motivation is closely related to ability, effort, and action.[32] An ability is a power to perform an action, like the ability to walk or to write. Individuals can have abilities without exercising them.[33] They are more likely to be motivated to do something if they have the ability to do it. But having an ability is not a requirement and it is possible to be motivated while lacking the corresponding ability.[34] Effort is the physical and mental energy invested when exercising an ability.[35] It depends on motivation and high motivation is associated with high effort.[36] The quality of the resulting performance depends on the ability, effort, and motivation.[37] Motivation to perform an action can be present even if the action is not executed. This is the case, for instance, if there is a stronger motivation to engage in a different action at the same time.[38]

Motivation is a complex phenomenon that is often analyzed in terms of different components and stages. Components are aspects that different motivational states have in common. Often-discussed components are direction, intensity, and persistence. Stages or phases are temporal parts of how motivation unfolds over time, like the initial goal-setting stage in contrast to the following goal-striving stage.[39] 006ab0faaa