The history of Windows dates back to 1981 when Microsoft started work on a program called "Interface Manager". It was announced in November 1983 (after the Apple Lisa, but before the Macintosh) under the name "Windows", but Windows 1.0 was not released until November 1985.[17] Windows 1.0 was to compete with Apple's operating system, but achieved little popularity. Windows 1.0 is not a complete operating system; rather, it extends MS-DOS. The shell of Windows 1.0 is a program known as the MS-DOS Executive. Components included Calculator, Calendar, Cardfile, Clipboard Viewer, Clock, Control Panel, Notepad, Paint, Reversi, Terminal and Write. Windows 1.0 does not allow overlapping windows. Instead, all windows are tiled. Only modal dialog boxes may appear over other windows. Microsoft sold as included Windows Development libraries with the C development environment, which included numerous windows samples.[18]

Windows 2.0 was released in December 1987, and was more popular than its predecessor. It features several improvements to the user interface and memory management.[19] Windows 2.03 changed the OS from tiled windows to overlapping windows. The result of this change led to Apple Computer filing a suit against Microsoft alleging infringement on Apple's copyrights (eventually settled in court in Microsoft's favor in 1993).[20][21] Windows 2.0 also introduced more sophisticated keyboard shortcuts and could make use of expanded memory.


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On September 30, 2014, Microsoft announced Windows 10 as the successor to Windows 8.1. It was released on July 29, 2015, and addresses shortcomings in the user interface first introduced with Windows 8. Changes on PC include the return of the Start Menu, a virtual desktop system, and the ability to run Windows Store apps within windows on the desktop rather than in full-screen mode. Windows 10 is said to be available to update from qualified Windows 7 with SP1, Windows 8.1 and Windows Phone 8.1 devices from the Get Windows 10 Application (for Windows 7, Windows 8.1) or Windows Update (Windows 7).[54]

When requested, a windows.Window contains an array of tabs.Tab objects. You mustdeclare the "tabs" permission in your manifest if you need access to the url,pendingUrl, title, or favIconUrl properties of tabs.Tab. For example:

For example, say an extension creates a few tabs or windows from a single HTML file, and that theHTML file contains a call to tabs.query(). The current window is the window that contains thepage that made the call, no matter what the topmost window is.

If true, the windows.Window object has a tabs property that contains a list of the tabs.Tab objects. The Tab objects only contain the url, pendingUrl, title, and favIconUrl properties if the extension's manifest file includes the "tabs" permission.

The ID of the window. Window IDs are unique within a browser session. In some circumstances a window may not be assigned an ID property; for example, when querying windows using the sessions API, in which case a session ID may be present.

The offset of the window from the left edge of the screen in pixels. In some circumstances a window may not be assigned a left property; for example, when querying closed windows from the sessions API.

Fired when the currently focused window changes. Returns chrome.windows.WINDOW_ID_NONE if all Chrome windows have lost focus. Note: On some Linux window managers, WINDOW_ID_NONE is always sent immediately preceding a switch from one Chrome window to another.

If your windows are in good condition, taking steps to improve their efficiency may be the most cost-effective option to increase the comfort of your home and save money on energy costs. There are several things you can do to improve the efficiency of your existing windows:

First look for the ENERGY STAR label when buying new windows. Then review ratings on the energy performance label from the National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) to find the most efficient windows for your needs.

When Installing Jenkins, it is recommended to install and run Jenkins as an independentwindows service using a local or domain user as it is much safer than running Jenkinsusing LocalSystem(Windows equivalent of root) which will grant Jenkins full accessto your machine and services.

These windows/doors are gorgeous!!! I am so pleased with them. My husband is impressed with their quality and my daughter, the architect for this project, is also very impressed. She is hard to impress so way to go Cascadia! I also want to mention that the people who did your crating did an absolute top notch job.

Yes, but you will need a lot of tools to do so, unless the author or themaintainers of the bin/windows/contrib section on CRAN have beenkind enough to provide a binary version for Windows as a.zip file, or the package is a simple one involving no compiledcode (and binary versions are usually available for simplepackages).

You can install binary packages either from a repository such asCRAN or from a local .zip file by using install.packages:see its help page. There are menu items on the Packages menu toprovide a point-and-click interface to package installation. Thepackages for each minor (4.x.?) version will be stored in a separate area,so for R 4.3.? the files are in bin/windows/contrib/4.3.

For a small number of binary packages you need to install additionalsoftware and have its DLLs in your PATH. Windows will normallygive an informative message about a certain DLL not being found. See -project.org/bin/windows/contrib/4.3/ReadMe for alisting of some of these packages (notably RGtk2, cairoDevice,rggobi, rJava, rjags and some of the packages connecting to databases).

You have read the file README.R-4.3.2? There are file menus onthe R console, pager and graphics windows. You can source and save fromthose menus, and copy the graphics to png, jpeg,bmp, postscript, PDF or metafile. There areright-click menus giving shortcuts to menu items, and optionallytoolbars with buttons giving shortcuts to frequent operations.

The R console and graphics windows have configuration files stored inthe RHOME\etc directory called Rconsole and Rdevga;you can keep personal copies in your HOME directory. They containcomments which should suffice for you to edit them to yourpreferences. For more details see ?Rconsole.There is a GUI preferences editor invoked from the Edit menu whichcan be used to edit the file Rconsole.

The graphics system asks Windows for the number of pixels per inch inthe X and Y directions, and uses that to size graphics (which in R arein units of inches). Sometimes the answer is a complete invention, andin any case Windows will not know exactly how the horizontal andvertical size have been set on a monitor which allows them to beadjusted. You can specify correct values either in the call towindows or as options: see ?windows. (Typically these areof the order of 100.) 2351a5e196

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