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A detective is an investigator, usually a member of a law enforcement agency. They often collect information to solve crimes by talking to witnesses and informants, collecting physical evidence, or searching records in databases. This leads them to arrest criminals and enable them to be convicted in court.[1] A detective may work for the police or privately.

Informally, and primarily in fiction, a detective is a licensed or unlicensed person who solves crimes, including historical crimes, by examining and evaluating clues and personal records in order to uncover the identity and/or whereabouts of criminals.

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In some police departments, a detective position is obtained by passing a written test after a person completes the requirements for being a police officer. In many other police systems, detectives are college graduates who join directly from civilian life without first serving as uniformed officers. Some argue that detectives do a completely different job and therefore require completely different training, qualifications, qualities, and abilities than uniformed officers.[2] The other side says that a detective who has worked as a uniformed officer will excel as a private detective due to their knowledge about standard police procedures, their contact network and their own experience with typical problems.[3]

The detective branch in most large police agencies is organized into several squads and departments, each of which specializes in investigation into a particular type of crime or a particular type of undercover operation, which may include: homicide, robbery, spot burglary, auto theft, organized crimes, missing persons, juvenile crime, fraud, narcotics, vice, criminal intelligence, aggravated assault/battery, sexual assault, computer crime, domestic violence, surveillance, and arson, among others.

In police departments of the United States, a regular detective typically holds the rank of "Detective". The rank structure of the officers who supervise them (who may or may not be detectives themselves) varies considerably by department. In some Commonwealth police forces, detectives have equivalent ranks to uniformed officers but with the word "Detective" prepended to it (e.g. "Detective Constable").

In some countries[which?], courts and judicial processes have yet to recognize the practice of private detectives. In Portugal, presented proof loses significance when private detectives collect it.[clarification needed] Even under these circumstances, the practice is in demand and governed by a code of conduct.[4]

A citizen detective, also known as an amateur detective, is an individual who devotes his or her time and expertise to aid in the solving of crime, without compensation or expectation of reward.[5] Citizen detectives are private citizens that have no real professional relationship with law enforcement and lack any rational-legal authority whatsoever. The reasons why a private citizen might try to solve a crime vary from trying to ensure justice for a friend or relative, a strong dislike for crime and support for law and order, or just recreational enjoyment.

Before the 19th century, there were few municipal police departments, though the first had been created in Paris as long ago as 1667. As police work went from being done by appointed people with help from volunteers to being done by professionals, the idea of dedicated detectives did not come up right away. The first private detective agency was founded in Paris in 1833 by Eugne Franois Vidocq, who had headed a police agency in addition to being a criminal himself. Police detective activities were pioneered in England by the Bow Street Runners and later by the Metropolitan Police Service in Greater London.[6] The first police detective unit in the United States was formed in 1846 in Boston.[7]

Detectives have a wide variety of techniques available in conducting investigations. However, the majority of cases are solved by the interrogation of suspects and the interviewing of witnesses,[8] which takes time. Detectives may also use their network of informants, which they have built up over the years. Informants often have connections with people a detective would not be able to approach formally. Evidence collection and preservation can also help in identifying a potential suspect(s).

In criminal investigations, once a detective has suspects in mind, the next step is to produce evidence that will stand up in a court of law. One way is to obtain a confession from the suspect; usually, this is done by developing rapport and, at times, by seeking information in exchange for potential perks available through the attorney's office, such as entering for a lesser sentence in exchange for usable information. In some countries, detectives may lie, mislead and psychologically pressure a suspect into an admission or confession as long as they do this within procedural boundaries and without the threat of violence or promises outside their control. This is not permitted in England and Wales, where interview of suspects and witnesses is governed by the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 and its extensive Codes of Practice.

Detectives may use public and private records to provide background information on a subject. Police detectives can search through files of fingerprint records. Police maintain records of people who have committed felonies and some misdemeanors. Detectives may search through records of criminal arrests and convictions, photographs or "mug shots" of persons arrested, hotel registration information, credit reports, answering machine messages, phone conversations, surveillance camera footage, and technology used for communication.

Before 2017, prospective British police detectives must have completed at least two years as a uniformed officer before applying to join the Criminal Investigation Department. Since 2017, applicants from outside the police force have been able to apply directly for positions as trainee detectives.[9] UK Police must also pass the National Investigators' Examination in order to progress to subsequent stages of the Initial Crime Investigators Development Programme in order to qualify as a detective.[10]

Before becoming a police detective, one must attend a law enforcement academy, which provides the officer with a foundation of education with 16 to 24 college units. After graduation from the law enforcement academy, the officer undergoes job training with a field training officer for a period specified by the law enforcement agency and continues to work while on a probationary period, ranging from one to two years.

Through years of on-the-job training or college education, officers may participate in a competitive examination, testing their knowledge, skills and abilities regarding criminal investigation, criminal procedure, interview and interrogation, search and seizure, collection and preservation of evidence, investigative report writing, criminal law, court procedure, and providing testimony in court. Competitive examinations are conducted by selected senior law enforcement officials. Following testing, a list of results is provided by the department. At the department's discretion, some or all of the officers on the list are promoted to the rank of detective. Some departments have classes of detectives which increase the detective's rank after successful experience.

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A person who conducts a business that provides private detective services must be licensed by the Maryland Department of State Police. Unless otherwise provided, a person must be licensed by the Maryland State Police as a private detective agency before the person may conduct a business that provides private detective services in the State and/or employ certified private detectives.

In addition to traditional college-level education, Leighton said, there are also in-service training courses that candidates can complete that will better position them for the rank of detective, some of which include:

Fulfilling the necessary academic and educational requirements is typically the first step toward becoming a detective, Leighton said, to be followed by real-world experience working in law enforcement.

Additionally, the proliferation of cell phones and smart devices over the past 20 years has created a valuable new tool for detectives in terms of data analysis. Leighton said software used to extract data from a variety of sources on cell phones is continually being improved to address efforts to avoid detection.

As with any profession, there are a number of challenges and benefits that come with being a detective. A key challenge, Leighton said, is the lack of resources many agencies face that can lead to manpower shortages and, as a result, increase the caseload of each detective.

The Detective Bureau is the core investigative unit of the police department. The primary functions of the Detective Bureau are to initiate and conduct follow up investigations into cases including but not limited to, crime scenes, robberies, auto thefts/burglaries, crimes against persons or property, missing persons, etc. Additionally, the detectives fingerprint residents, provide juvenile aid, and are involved in various public service presentations throughout the year.

For Felony Crimes, the complainant or victim must see a detective. The victim must first have reported the crime to the patrol division. The patrol division then files a written incident report. The victim will be instructed by the officer when the report will be available, and to call the detective bureau at 203-581-5201 to arrange to meet with a detective.

At the meeting, a detective or a supervisor will review the report and determine what action should be taken. Often, it is at this time that a warrant application is given to the victim/complainant. These matters are handled Monday through Thursday 8 a.m. to 3 p.m. 2351a5e196