If you commit sensitive data, such as a password or SSH key into a Git repository, you can remove it from the history. To entirely remove unwanted files from a repository's history you can use either the git filter-repo tool or the BFG Repo-Cleaner open source tool.

The git filter-repo tool and the BFG Repo-Cleaner rewrite your repository's history, which changes the SHAs for existing commits that you alter and any dependent commits. Changed commit SHAs may affect open pull requests in your repository. We recommend merging or closing all open pull requests before removing files from your repository.


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Warning: This article tells you how to make commits with sensitive data unreachable from any branches or tags in your repository on GitHub.com. However, those commits may still be accessible in any clones or forks of your repository, directly via their SHA-1 hashes in cached views on GitHub, and through any pull requests that reference them. You cannot remove sensitive data from other users' clones of your repository, but you can permanently remove cached views and references to the sensitive data in pull requests on GitHub by contacting us through the GitHub Support portal. GitHub Support only assists in the removal of sensitive data in cases where we determine that the risk can't be mitigated by rotating affected credentials.

If the commit that introduced the sensitive data exists in any forks of your repository, it will continue to be accessible unless the fork owner also removes the sensitive data from their fork or deletes the fork entirely. You will need to coordinate with the owners of any forks of your repository, asking them to take the appropriate actions. Please note that GitHub cannot provide contact information for these owners.

Note: If sensitive data is located in a file that's identified as a binary file, you'll need to remove the file from the history, as you can't modify it to remove or replace the data.

After the sensitive data is removed, you must force push your changes to GitHub. Force pushing rewrites the repository history, which removes sensitive data from the commit history. If you force push, it may overwrite commits that other people have based their work on.

To illustrate how git filter-repo works, we'll show you how to remove your file with sensitive data from the history of your repository and add it to .gitignore to ensure that it is not accidentally re-committed.

Once you're happy with the state of your repository, and you have set the appropriate remote, force-push your local changes to overwrite your repository on GitHub.com, as well as all the branches you've pushed up. A force push is required to remove sensitive data from your commit history.

Tell your collaborators to rebase, not merge, any branches they created off of your old (tainted) repository history. One merge commit could reintroduce some or all of the tainted history that you just went to the trouble of purging.

Preventing contributors from making accidental commits can help you prevent sensitive information from being exposed. For more information see "Best practices for preventing data leaks in your organization."

This occurs fairly commonly.Someone accidentally commits a huge binary file with a thoughtless git add ., and you want to remove it everywhere.Perhaps you accidentally committed a file that contained a password, and you want to make your project open source.filter-branch is the tool you probably want to use to scrub your entire history.To remove a file named passwords.txt from your entire history, you can use the --tree-filter option to filter-branch:

The --tree-filter option runs the specified command after each checkout of the project and then recommits the results.In this case, you remove a file called passwords.txt from every snapshot, whether it exists or not.If you want to remove all accidentally committed editor backup files, you can run something like git filter-branch --tree-filter 'rm -f *~' HEAD.

This goes through and rewrites every commit to have your new address.Because commits contain the SHA-1 values of their parents, this command changes every commit SHA-1 in your history, not just those that have the matching email address.

The problem is that the legacy project got some commits that are done by former employee. After they left the company, even the company email they used in the commit is gone. There is no way to have the correct GPG sign apply to those commit. One easy solution would be copy the current code to a new folder and make a new initial commit. However, if I don't want to throw away the previous commit history, is there a way I can GPG sign those commit that is not done by me? (Or is there other solution? I am not the admin, but I may ask the admin to make the changes if the instruction is clear)

This tutorial will cover various methods of rewriting and altering Git history. Git uses a few different methods to record changes. We will discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the different methods and give examples of how to work with them. This tutorial discusses some of the most common reasons for overwriting committed snapshots and shows you how to avoid the pitfalls of doing so.

Git's main job is to make sure you never lose a committed change. But it's also designed to give you total control over your development workflow. This includes letting you define exactly what your project history looks like; however, it also creates the potential of losing commits. Git provides its history-rewriting commands under the disclaimer that using them may result in lost content.

Git has several mechanisms for storing history and saving changes. These mechanisms include: Commit --amend, git rebase and git reflog. These options give you powerful work flow customization options. By the end of this tutorial, you'll be familiar with commands that will let you restructure your Git commits, and be able to avoid pitfalls that are commonly encountered when rewriting history.

To review, git commit --amend lets you take the most recent commit and add new staged changes to it. You can add or remove changes from the Git staging area to apply with a --amend commit. If there are no changes staged, a --amend will still prompt you to modify the last commit message log. Be cautious when using --amend on commits shared with other team members. Amending a commit that is shared with another user will potentially require confusing and lengthy merge conflict resolutions.

In these or similar instances where it's important to preserve a clean project history, adding the -i option to git rebase allows you to run rebase interactive. This gives you the opportunity to alter individual commits in the process, rather than moving all commits. You can learn more about interactive rebasing and additional rebase commands on the git rebase page.

Each regular Git commit will have a log message explaining what happened in the commit. These messages provide valuable insight into the project history. During a rebase, you can run a few commands on commits to modify commit messages.

The s "squash" command is where we see the true utility of rebase. Squash allows you to specify which commits you want to merge into the previous commits. This is what enables a "clean history." During rebase playback, Git will execute the specified rebase command for each commit. In the case of squash commits, Git will open your configured text editor and prompt to combine the specified commit messages. This entire process can be visualized as follows:

Reference logs, or "reflogs" are a mechanism Git uses to record updates applied to tips of branches and other commit references. Reflog allows you to go back to commits even though they are not referenced by any branch or tag. After rewriting history, the reflog contains information about the old state of branches and allows you to go back to that state if necessary. Every time your branch tip is updated for any reason (by switching branches, pulling in new changes, rewriting history or simply by adding new commits), a new entry will be added to the reflog. In this section we will take a high level look at the git reflog command and explore some common uses.

So a friend of mine recently accidentally committed an unencrypted and supposedly-secret API key to Git, got their remotes in a twist, and pushed the secret information to a repo on our self-hosted Gitlab instance. This approach requires that you have root access to a self hosted gitlab instance. For another workaround skip to the end.

This resets the head of your current branch to the previous commit and completely removes your most recent commit (and associated objects) from the git history. When you push this to the server the git log will no longer contain a reference to your most recent commit.

The commit-messages themselves are, obviously, in plain text -- and that's, how it should be. However, when viewing individual commits (or the whole history) with a browser, one would like the ticket-references to be clickable -- each one leading directly to the referenced ticket.

it means you want to make changes in last 3 commits, you can squash them, delete them, change messages, by the way I use it a lot in my feature branches even when I already pushed some commits then I do forced push to rewrite history on the server, it is ok till I know that only I work on that branch

The thing is - it rewrites history. So if you'll make another commit on top of it but the 'undone' commit is pushed already, the history of your local branch and your remote tracking branch will diverge - and you'd have to push it either to another branch, or with --force, rewriting the remote branch. And if the remote branch is rewritten, anyone who had cloned it won't be able to pull from it any more that easily etc...

Thanks for the suggestion. I used that before, but in the last problems where I had to undo the commits and then push the changes, that was the solution that worked for me. Also, I didn't mind having a commit dedicated to the revert (with the prefix) on the git history. I think it is a possible solution too. 2351a5e196

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