Download Chemistry Notes Form 4 UPD

I've made my Chemistry (Molecular Spectroscopy) notes in latex. It's basically a bunch of big formulae that are used in Spectroscopy. I'm looking for suitable template options where all the formulae will look neat and not get crumbled in tiny space giving a feel of letters and symbols spread on a paper. I also want to avoid creating boxes (they're called environments ig) for each formula, since as i mentioned, there are just a lot of equation and very less theory in it.

A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that can be separated by physical means. Simple methods of separating mixtures at basic chemistry level include:i) Sorting/picking-this involve physically picking one pure substance from a mixture with another/other. e. g. sorting maize from maize beans mixture.ii) Decantation-this involve pouring out a liquid from a solid that has settled /sinking solid in it. e. g. Decanting water forms sand.iii)Filtration-this involves sieving /passing particles of a mixture through a filter containing small holes that allow smaller particle to pass through but do not allow bigger particle to pass through.iv) Skimming-this involve scooping floating particles. E. cream from milk

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Metals are shiny, ductile(able to form wires), malleable(able to form sheet) and coil without breaking. E. Iron, gold, silver, copper. Mercury is the only liquid metal known.Non-metals are dull, not ductile (do not form wires), not malleable (do not form sheet) and break oncoiling/brittle. E. Charcoal, Sulphur, pla-stics.

Chemistry is studied mainly in a science room called a school chemistry laboratory. The room is better ventilated than normal classroom. It has electricity, gas and water taps. A school chemistry laboratory has a qualified professional whose called Laboratory technician/assistant.All students user in a school chemistry laboratory must consult the Laboratory technician/assistant for all their laboratory work. A school chemistry laboratory has chemicals and apparatus.A chemical is a substance whose composition is known. All chemical are thus labeled as they are.This is because whereas physically a substance may appear similar, chemically they may bedifferent.All Chemicals which are not labeled should never be used. Some chemicals are toxic/poisonous,explosive, corrosive, caustic, irritants, flammable, oxidizing, carcinogenic, or radioactive.Care should always be taken when handling any chemical which have any of the above characteristic properties.

(vi) Wash with lots of water any skin contact with chemicals immediately. Report immediately to teacher/laboratory technician any irritation, cut, burn, bruise or feelings arising from laboratory work.(vii) Read and follow safety instruction. All experiments that evolve/produce poisonous gases should be done in the open or in a fume chamber.(viii)Clean your laboratory work station after use. Wash your hand before leaving the chemistry laboratory.(ix) In case of fire, remain calm, switch of the source of fuel-gas tap. Leave the laboratory through the emergency door. Use fire extinguishers near the chemistry laboratory to put of medium fires. Leave strong fires wholly to professional fire fighters.(x) Do not carry unauthorized item from a chemistry laboratory.

An apparator /apparatus are scientific tools/equipment used in performing scientific experiments. The conventional apparator used in performing scientific experiments is called standard apparator/apparatus. If the conventional standard apparator/apparatus is not available, an improvised apparator/apparatus may be used in performing scientific experiments. An improvised apparator/apparatus is one used in performing a scientific experiment for a standard apparator/apparatus.

(i)Glass is transparent and thus reactions /interactions inside are clearly visible from outside(ii) Glass is comparatively cheaper which reduces cost of equipping the school chemistry laboratory(iii) Glass is comparatively easy to clean/wash after use. (iv) Glass is comparatively unreactive to many chemicals.Apparatus are designed for the purpose they are intended in a school chemistry laboratory:

Separating funnelA separating funnel is a wide mouthed glass apparatus with a tap at the bottom narrow extension. A liquid solution can thus be directed into a separating funnel without spillage. It can also safely beremoved from the funnel by opening the tap. It is used to separate two or more liquid solution mixtures that form layers/immiscible. This requirespractice.

NH 3 (g) + (aq) -> NH 3 (aq)3. Copper (II) sulphate (VI) solution is a solution formed after dissolving Copper (II) sulphate (VI) crystals/solid in water. Copper (II) sulphate (VI) exists in aqueous state after dissolving.Copper (II) sulphate (VI) + Water -> Copper (II) sulphate (VI) solution CuSO 4 (s) + (aq) -> CuSO 4 (aq)4. Potassium manganate(VII) solution is a solution formed after dissolving Potassiummanganate(VII) crystals/solid in water.Potassium manganate(VII)exist in aqueous state after dissolving.Potassium manganate(VII) + Water -> Potassium manganate(VII) solution KMnO 4 (s) + (aq) -> KMnO 4 (aq)

Some solid substances do not dissolve in a liquid. They are said to be insoluble in the solvent .When an insoluble solid is put in liquid: (i) Some particles remain suspended/floating in the liquid to form a suspension /precipitate. (ii) Some particles sink/settle to the bottom to form sediments after being allowed to stand.

ExplanationEthanol is miscible in Water. Kerosene is miscible in turpentine oil. Miscible mixture form uniform mixture. They do not form layers. The particles of one liquid are smaller than the particles of the other. The smaller particles occupy the spaces between the bigger particles.

To form water-turpentine oil and Kerosene-water misciblesProcedure(i)Measure 50cm3 of water into 100cm3 beaker. Measure 50cm3 of turpentine oil. Place the oil into the beaker containing water. Swirl for about one minute. ff782bc1db