This is a list of television channels in Pakistan. There are a variety of Pakistani television channels that offer viewers the chance to enjoy their favorite shows and stay up to date with current news and events. Television in Pakistan was introduced in 1964.

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In February 2021, India and Pakistan announced a ceasefire along the Line-of-control (LoC) in Jammu and Kashmir. It was speculated that back-channel diplomacy led to the ceasefire talks between the military commanders of both countries. High-level political meetings, especially between conflicting states, do not simply occur in the spur of the moment. They are preceded by a series of back-channel talks or diplomatic discussions to probe interest and set out an agenda.

In the last seven decades, India and Pakistan have made several attempts to settle the Kashmir dispute and improve bilateral relations, albeit with little success. In this recent paper, Jacob focuses on the India-Pakistan back-channel negotiations that took place between 2004 and 2007. These talks represented a breakthrough after a volatile period of relations between both countries. Shortly before, India and Pakistan had fought the Kargil War in 1999 and, in 2001, Pakistani terrorists attacked the Indian parliament.

Happymon Jacob: By political will, I mean here the political sanction of the leadership (Prime Ministers of India and Pakistan) for backchannel negotiations. Backchannel diplomacy is undertaken when normal diplomatic processes are unable to deliver on a major bilateral issue such as finding a resolution to a protracted and politically sensitive conflict. So, the essential purpose of the backchannel dialogue is to take the process out of the routine channels and attempt to resolve it using a more personalised and discreet channel, often directly reporting to the leaders of the respective governments.

What is striking about the 2004-2007 backchannel was that while there was a great deal of media speculation about the existence of the backchannel itself, details of which were not known to the outside world.

So, unless they are reasonably isolated from political optics and media attention, backchannel talks are unlikely to survive and succeed. What is striking about the 2004-2007 backchannel was that while there was a great deal of media speculation about the existence of the backchannel itself, details of which were not known to the outside world. Ideally, therefore, backchannel talks should become public knowledge only when they succeed (or fail, for that matter) and when the time comes to rally the larger public around a potential agreement (if the talks were about arriving at a certain agreement on a conflict).

HJ: With regard to the role played by external powers during the 2004-2007 backchannel negotiations, there is some evidence to show that the US and UK were keen on a deal between India and Pakistan on Kashmir and encouraged the two sides to stay the course on the negotiations. As for China, I have not seen evidence to suggest that it had a role to play.

The third phase began with Nawaz Sharif winning the May 2013 election and returning to power. Elected with a strong mandate, he wielded considerable power. By July, Zardari had left office and in November, Kayani retired. Nawaz Sharif resumed back-channel negotiations and injected new momentum and urgency into the process. By the time there was progress in the back channel, attention in India turned to the 2014 general election, with the UPA battling a resurgent opposition Bharatiya Janata Party, which was seeing a surge in the popular vote.

There appeared to be an intent to continue the back-channel process. The file on the subject had been reviewed. I was even once told that no major change was required. A distinguished diplomat was being considered to be appointed as special envoy by Prime Minister Modi. I was asked to meet him. However, when I checked with the PMO, I was told there had been a change in thought and I would be informed regarding the briefing.

Voltage-gated ion channels have an important role in triggering epilepsy, and also, they act as targets for a number of antiepileptic drugs [9]. Voltage-gated sodium channels play a crucial role in generating action potential as well as in membrane excitability. Voltage-gated sodium channels consist of  and  subunits. Any noticeable change or anomaly in subunits of sodium channels alter their activation; i.e., they are activated at a slower rate. Because of slower activation, the membrane remains depolarized for a longer period of time and can be the cause of epilepsy and generation of epileptic seizures [10,11].

Neuronal voltage-gated sodium channels act as targets for a number of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), i.e., carbamazepine, phenytoin, and valproate. Aside from their job in nerve conduction and the process of epileptogenesis, these voltage-gated sodium channels are likewise perceived as the significant focuses with respect to AED viability [12,13]. The sodium channel genes SCN1A and SCN2A encode the  subunit of voltage-gated sodium channels, and thus, mutations in these genes can be potential source of drug resistance in epilepsy [14,15].

Sodium channel genes are the most important targets for antiepileptic drugs affecting their potency. In this study, the association of sodium channel genes SCN1A and SCN2A polymorphisms with drug-resistant epilepsy was studied. The results showed no significant association of SCN1Ars2298771 with DRE, and also, no association was observed between SCN2A and drug resistance.

Regardless, Geo News had already been virtually blacked out across 90 percent of Pakistan, according to Ibrahim Rahman, CEO of Geo TV Network. Cable operators were pressured to bump Geo down their channel listings, and then to remove it altogether, he told CPJ.

With millions of students now confined in their homes, Saadia and the Ministry faced the challenge of working out how to engage these students in productive educational activities. She was responsible for designing, planning and launching the TeleSchool channel, and took the lead in coordinating with multiple stakeholders, including teachers, IT professionals, private education technology partners and senior government officials.

It was not the first time that the watchdog, PEMRA, whose members are bureaucrats, media professionals and members of civil society, was in the news in recent months. PEMRA has banned Khan three times from TV channels since he was ousted from power in April 2022.

Sometimes it is brazen censorship, like in the cases you are mentioning. But on other occasions, it is a means of controlling the channels, which are often fined, questioned or slapped with notices for their programming.

The first one was Altaf Hussain, a leader of a Sindh-based party called MQM [Muttahida Qaumi Movement]. In 2015, Hussain made a very controversial speech about the Pakistani army and PEMRA slapped him with a notice. He addressed his followers live from London and the speeches were telecast on all channels. He was banned, the case went to court and the courts upheld the ban.

Q. Blanket bans are always complicated, but have you felt there was a situation when the regulator was justified in banning someone or something? Do TV channels go overboard with terrorism coverage, for instance? 

The Pakistan Electronic Media Authority Regulatory Authority (Pemra) on Friday suspended with "immediate effect" television channel 24NewsHD's licence for "illegal transmission of news and current affairs content".

The regulatory body said it issued a show-cause notice to the channel for violating the terms of its licence and directed it to "revert back to its approved programming content" on May 7, 2020. But the channel "failed to adhere to the directions of the authority despite several notices and opportunities of hearing provided [to them]," according to the statement.

PML-N spokesperson Marriyum Aurangzeb on Saturday criticised Prime Minister Imran Khan for the TV channel's suspension, saying that he was targeting those "channels, media houses, journalists and owners who spoke the truth".

"Heavy-handed tactics are at their peak during this government. Mir Shakeelur Rehman's wrongful arrest, banning channel 24 and restricting the writings and programmes of various journalists prove that this government is not democratic," she said.

Aurangzeb claimed that the government was "increasing unemployment amid the coronavirus after destroying the media industry", adding that the suspension of the channel's licence would add to the "tsunami of unemployment".

(Reuters) - Pakistan's national PTV channel and its English-language PTV World service were taken off the air after protesters stormed its headquarters in central Islamabad. "They have stormed the PTV office," a news anchor said just before the screen went blank. "PTV staff performing their journalistic duties are being beaten up." Another TV channel, Express, showed images from inside the building, with protesters, some wearing gas masks, massing inside the channel's newsroom but there were no signs of violence. (Reporting by Maria Golovnina and Syed Raza Hassan; Editing by Nick Macfie) 17dc91bb1f

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