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Patients and methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted by reviewing medical record data from intraocular fluid samples of uveitis patients who underwent single-plex real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis at the Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia - Cipto Mangunkusumo Kirana Eye Hospital between January 2014 and December 2018.

Conclusion: Nonroutine polymerase chain reaction analysis of intraocular fluid among a cohort of Indonesian patients demonstrated low positivity. The sensitivity and specificity of nonroutine single-plex polymerase chain reaction could not be estimated due to limitations such as lost to follow-up patients and incomplete monitoring data. The use of multiplex polymerase chain reaction in the future may be beneficial in our setting.

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Conclusion: Our work highlights the high mortality rate in paediatric patients with positive SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction test. These findings might be related to or co-incided with COVID-19 infection. Further studies are needed to improve understanding of the role of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 in elaborating the mechanisms leading to death in children with comorbidities.

The company groups that hold the largest tracts of stranded land include Indogunta (136,933 ha), Hayel Saeed Anam Group (HSA Group, 128,257 ha), and Korindo (106,885 ha). All three company groups hold large concessions in Papua, either directly or through related entities. The 15 companies with the most stranded land hold a combined 1.15 million ha of undevelopable assets. In the case of Tadmax and the entities controlled by Edi Yosfi and associates, almost their entire landbank consists of forest or peatland. These 15 company groups hold no more than 18 percent of all stranded land. This low concentration illustrates that stranded land is an industry-wide issue.

The economic viability of developing new palm oil concessions on forested or peatland has come under increasing pressure in recent years. Through actions by palm oil stakeholders, including traders/refiners, FMCG companies, civil society and governments, deforestation has become a tangible business risk for oil palm growers. Developing forested concessions may now result in immediate suspensions from NDPE supply chains. These trends are unlikely to change in the near future, and CRR projects that NDPE will remain a condition for access to the majority of palm oil markets. Leakage markets in India, Indonesia and for biofuels and marine fuels may continue to exist, but they are likely to offer less attractive prices and payment conditions.

Detection of NDPE non-compliance has also become more common. Not only has near real-time satellite information become publicly available, but transparency around supply chain relations, corporate ownership, and concession data has also increased. These changes have facilitated supply chain monitoring and accelerated identification of deforestation within specific supply chains.

An emerging trend in the NDPE market is the demand for recovery and restoration plans to compensate for past deforestation, in addition to requiring stop-work orders and moratoria on future land clearing. The Accountability Framework, a joint set of standards for supply chain commitments launched in June 2019, identifies the company responsibility to remedy past deforestation or conversion and details a set of parameters for effective restoration approaches. The new Principles and Criteria of the RSPO, adopted in November 2018, likewise apply its Remediation and Compensation Procedure for any land clearing without a prior assessment of High Conservation Value or High Carbon Stock (HCV-HSCA). This procedure stipulates the development and implementation of a Remediation and Compensation Plan, with an indicative liability figure of USD 2,500-3,000 per hectare.

In 2017, the ten companies with the largest amounts of stranded land within their concessions were Austindo Nusantara Jaya, PTT Green, Eagle High Plantations, Genting, Salim Group, Hardaya, Gama, Astra Agro Lestari, HSA Group, and Korindo. These companies have used a range of strategies to handle these assets. Below are three demonstrable approaches:

Sewage has been a concern of environmental activists in recent years, given the increase in waste generated from offices, hospitals, industry, and households. In this research the focus is to discuss waste generated by households. The sewage treatment system used in most residential areas in Indonesia is still conventional. Conventional sewage treatment systems can be a serious environmental problem if there is no proper design and planning. The method used in this research is a case study of Innovative Solutions for Sewage using Food Chain Reaction (FCR) in one city in Indonesia, Batam. The results of this research explained the development of food chain reactor (FCR) in Batam, reactor configuration, observations from operating sites, plant operating data, aesthetics.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study enrolled 200 mucocutaneous isolates obtained from hospitalized patients during a 1-year period of study (2018). VITEK-2 system in addition to standard bacterial identification, such as gram staining, latex agglutination test, and hemolysis pattern, was performed to select S. aureus colonies in two different laboratories, Microbiology laboratory of Haji Adam Malik General Hospital and Multidisciplinary Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) examination.

Bovine tuberculosis or zoonotic tuberculosis is a bacterial disease in cattle and can also infect other mammals species. This disease is zoonotic caused by Mycobacterium bovis. Transmission to humans is generally by aerosol or orally through unpasteurized milk. Mycobacterium bovis isolation and identification were last reported in 1989 from the case of tuberculosis in a dairy cow in Pasar Minggu, DKI Jakarta. This study aims to determine cases of bovine tuberculosis in Indonesia. This disease is detected by culture and polymerase chain reaction using nasal swabs and organs from suspected tuberculosis in dairy and beef cattle. Sixty-five samples are obtained from dairy cows and beef cattle farm in South Sumatera, East Java, Center Java, and West Java. Test results showed that tuberculosis cases in cattle in Indonesia were caused M. tuberculosis (4 cases) and M. bovis (6 cases). The above results indicate that re-emerging of bovine tuberculosis occurs in Indonesia, which can be isolated by M. bovis from organ samples of dairy cattle. Control and eradication of bovine tuberculosis in Indonesia must be done well.

A study on the genetic variation of Ovine Herpesvirus-2 (OVH-2), the causal agent of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (SA-MCF), in buffalo in Indonesia using a repeat-sequence polymerase chain reaction (RS-PCR) has been conducted. Samples of heparinized blood and/or pre-scapular or pre-femoral lymph nodes were received from buffaloes that were occasionally slaughtered in private slaughterhouses in the District of Bogor. Butchers were requested to collect samples from buffaloes showing at least one of the clinical signs of an MCF such as febrile, diarrhoea, conjunctivitis, serous to mucopurulent ocular and nasal discharges and enlargement of superficial lymph nodes. A total of 21 specimens of white blood cells (WBC) were extracted and tested by a conventional SA-MCF polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to diagnose SA-MCF and subsequently tested by an RS-PCR. Based on the PCR and RS-PCR results, genetic variation of the causal agent of SA-MCF in buffalo was visually observed. The RS-PCR results were then confirmed using Southern blot hybridization analysis and also using restriction enzyme profiling. The results showed that genetic variation of the causal agent of SA-MCF in buffalo was found in 21 buffalo that were tested. The variables were grouped into two main groups A and B consisting of 12 and 9 buffalo respectively. Group A was further divided into two sub-groups A1 and A2 consisting of 9 and 3 buffalo respectively. Southern blot hybridization analysis and restriction enzyme profiling confirmed the RS-PCR results. The study concludes that genetic variation of the causal agent of SA-MCF was observed in 21 buffaloes that were tested. However, the significance of the genetic variation of the causal agent of SA-MCF in the pathogenesis of the disease in buffaloes has yet to be studied.

Non specific genital infection (NSGI) is a condition affecting females which causes inflammation of the endocervix or anterior urethra that is not caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The causative sexually transmitted organisms include Chlamydia trachomatis (Groups D to K) and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Infection caused by Ureaplasma urealyticum is often asymptomatic even though many studies have pronounced that Ureaplasma urealyticum can contribute not only to lower genitourinary infection but also to infertility. Ureaplasma urealyticum cannot be stained by Gram stain due to the lack of a cell wall of the organism. This research aims to evaluate the prevalence of Ureaplasma urealyticum in NSGI patients by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method targeted in the ureaplasma gene structure 429 bp area. The samples were extracted from eighteen DNA NSGI patients. Eleven out of eighteen (61.11%) DNA NSGI samples tested positive for Ureaplasma urealyticum. Most patients (44.44%) with Ureaplasma urealyticum were unemployed, and 27.78% were complaining of recurrent vaginal discharge. The high incidence of Ureaplasma urealyticum in this study needs further attention since doxycycline remains the drug of choice of NSGI. Moxifloxacin should be considered for patients who are making no clinical progress with doxycycline.

On Krakatoa, an island west of Jakarta known for causing perhaps the loudest volcanic eruption ever, Anak Krakatau began spewing lava last week, according to USAToday. That activity, Merapi's eruption and the stirring at the 21 other volcanoes, have many people fearing a chain reaction. However, geophysicists say that such simultaneous activities aren't all that unusual and probably aren't linked. 2351a5e196