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MIT engineers have now come up with a new way to take advantage of that phenomenon, using an ingestible capsule that vibrates within the stomach. These vibrations activate the same stretch receptors that sense when the stomach is distended, creating an illusory sense of fullness.

Methods: In a prospective study, asymptomatic subjects (n = 884) underwent capsule colonoscopy followed by conventional colonoscopy (the reference) several weeks later, with an endoscopist blinded to capsule results, at 10 centers in the United States and 6 centers in Israel from June 2011 through April 2012. An unblinded colonoscopy was performed on subjects found to have lesions 6 mm or larger by capsule but not conventional colonoscopy.

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Conclusions: In an average-risk screening population, technically adequate capsule colonoscopy identified individuals with 1 or more conventional adenomas 6 mm or larger with 88% sensitivity and 82% specificity. Capsule performance seems adequate for patients who cannot undergo colonoscopy or who had incomplete colonoscopies. Additional studies are needed to improve capsule detection of serrated lesions. Clinicaltrials.gov number: NCT01372878.

Both of these classes of capsules are made from aqueous solutions of gelling agents, such as animal protein (mainly gelatin) or plant polysaccharides or their derivatives (such as carrageenans and modified forms of starch and cellulose). Other ingredients can be added to the gelling agent solution including plasticizers such as glycerin or sorbitol to decrease the capsule's hardness, coloring agents, preservatives, disintegrants, lubricants and surface treatment.

Since their inception, capsules have been viewed by consumers as the most efficient method of taking medication.[citation needed] For this reason, producers of drugs such as OTC analgesics wanting to emphasize the strength of their product developed the "caplet", a portmanteau of "capsule-shaped tablet",[1] to tie this positive association to more efficiently-produced tablet pills, as well as being an easier-to-swallow shape than the usual disk-shaped tablet medication.

In 1833, Mothes and Dublanc were granted a patent for a method to produce a single-piece gelatin capsule that was sealed with a drop of gelatin solution. They used individual iron molds for their process, filling the capsules individually with a medicine dropper. Later on, methods were developed that used sets of plates with pockets to form the capsules. Although some companies still use this method, the equipment is no longer produced commercially. All modern soft-gel encapsulation uses variations of a process developed by R. P. Scherer in 1933. His innovation used a rotary die to produce the capsules. They were then filled by blow molding. This method was high-yield, consistent, and reduced waste.

James Murdoch of London patented the two-piece telescoping gelatin capsule in 1847.[2] The capsules are made in two parts by dipping metal pins in the gelling agent solution. The capsules are supplied as closed units to the pharmaceutical manufacturer. Before use, the two halves are separated, and the capsule is filled with powder or more normally pellets made by the process of extrusion and spheronization (either by placing a compressed slug of powder into one half of the capsule or by filling one half of the capsule with loose powder) and the other half of the capsule is pressed on. With the compressed slug method, weight varies less between capsules. However, the machinery required to manufacture them is more complex.[3]

Vegetable capsules, introduced in 1989,[5] are made from cellulose, a structural component in plants. The main ingredient of vegetarian capsules is hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose. In the 21st century, gelatin capsules are more broadly used than vegetarian capsules because the cost of production is lower.[citation needed]

The process of encapsulation of hard gelatin capsules can be done on manual, semi-automatic, and automatic capsule filling machines. Hard gelatin capsules are manufactured by the dipping method which is dipping, rotation, drying, stripping, trimming, and joining.[6] Softgels are filled at the same time as they are produced and sealed on the rotary die of a fully automatic machine. Capsule fill weight is a critical attribute in encapsulation and various real-time fill weight monitoring techniques such as near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and vibrational spectroscopy are used, as well as in-line weight checks, to ensure product quality.[7]

Volume is measured to the fill line, which is customary to the top of the smaller-diameter body half.[citation needed] After capping, some ullage volume (air space) remains in the finished capsule.

A new class of capsules has been developed whereby drugs can be embedded in the capsule shell matrix. As these are patented by Dr. Hemant N Joshi, these new capsules are named as "Joshi Capsules". This allows different drugs to be delivered using the same capsule. The drug might be in a solubilized form, suspended form or chemically bound form in the capsule shell matrix. The drug can be in the cap of the capsule, the body of the capsule or in both body and cap of the capsule. One can embed more than one drug in the capsule shell matrix. The drug can be in the dissolved and suspended form in the capsule shell matrix. Thus, one can create various types of variations in these "drug-embedded capsules". The rate of release of drug can vary based on the way the drug is embedded in the capsule shell matrix and drug properties.[8][9]

A time capsules was installed in 1970 under the base of the University's centennial marker, originally located off Northwestern Avenue on Purdue Mall. In 1989, after being unearthed and stored for three years due to the construction of the Materials and Electrical Engineering building, the marker and capsule were moved to the Northwestern Avenue side of the building, where they remain. (Purdue University photo/Chloe Woodson)

Some of the time capsules were buried near campus landmarks -- such as the University's centennial marker or the iconic Purdue Bell Tower. Others are nestled within the cornerstones of key campus buildings or within the walls of new construction.

* In 1970, a time capsule with memorabilia from Purdue's 1969 centennial celebration was buried at the base of the University's centennial marker, which then was located off Northwestern Avenue on Purdue Mall.

The capsule contains a letter from President Frederick L. Hovde to the University's president of 2069, the year the capsule will be opened. In addition to the letter, the capsule contains a tape-recording of Hovde's address at the centennial kickoff luncheon on Jan. 15, 1969; a 1969 Purdue yearbook; various news clippings from the centennial year; and copies of newspapers the Exponent, the Lafayette Journal and Courier and the Indianapolis Star.

In 1989, after being unearthed and stored for three years due to the construction of the Materials and Electrical Engineering Building, the capsule was reburied on the Northwestern Avenue side of the new building. The centennial marker and the time capsule remain at that location.

* In 1990, a time capsule was placed behind the cornerstone of the under-construction Class of 1950 Lecture Hall. The time capsule includes a photo of the lecture hall as it appeared in 1904; schedules of classes from Fall 1949 and Fall 1989; several commencement books; and a letter from President Steven C. Beering to those opening the capsule.

* Also in 1990, a time capsule was placed in a masonry block near the main entrance to Schleman Hall of Student Services following the building's addition and renovation. Items inside the capsule include a program from the building's rededication that year; photos of the project's groundbreaking; publications from the student services office; and programs from the dedication and 50th anniversary of Elliott Hall of Music.

* In 1995, a time capsule was sealed in a shaft at the base of the Purdue Bell Tower. The shaft was sealed with a plaque that details the site's history, including details about the 1895 tower that marked the hours and class times on campus until it was razed in 1956.

The time capsule, which will be opened in 2095, contains 70 items, including letters from President Beering and Purdue Student Government President Kevin K. Parsons to their counterparts in 2095. Other items include various campus publications; the tower's blueprints and specifications; videos, compact discs and cassettes; and memorabilia from the project's fundraising efforts.

* In 2007, a time capsule was buried near the site of the planned Marriott Hall near State and University streets. The capsule will be opened in 2028, which will mark the 100th anniversary of Purdue's School of Hospitality and Tourism Management.

Among the items in the time capsule are booklets listing 2011 mechanical engineering graduates, student organizations, faculty and staff. The time capsule also contains a slide rule that belonged to George Hawkins, a renowned Purdue alumnus who served as dean of engineering from 1953 until 1967.

The outer surface of the heat shield is made of blocks of a material called Avcoat, a reformulated version of the material used on the Apollo capsules. During descent, the Avcoat ablates, or burns off in a controlled fashion, transporting heat away from Orion.

As of March 22, 2023, health care providers can submit case reports of SCC, various lymphomas, and any other cancers in the capsule around breast implants to the Patient Registry and Outcomes for Breast Implants and Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL) Etiology and Epidemiology (PROFILE) Registry, a collaborative effort between the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS), the Plastic Surgery Foundation (PSF), and FDA. Health care providers can continue to submit case reports of Breast Implant-Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) to PROFILE as well. 2351a5e196