A client is a computer or a program that, as part of its operation, relies on sending a request to another program or a computer hardware or software that accesses a service made available by a server (which may or may not be located on another computer).[3] For example, web browsers are clients that connect to web servers and retrieve web pages for display.[3] Email clients retrieve email from mail servers. Online chat uses a variety of clients, which vary on the chat protocol being used. Multiplayer video games or online video games may run as a client on each computer.[3] The term "client" may also be applied to computers or devices that run the client software or users that use the client software.
The term was first applied to devices that were not capable of running their own stand-alone programs, but could interact with remote computers via a network. These computer terminals were clients of the time-sharing mainframe computer.
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A thick client, also known as a rich client or fat client, is a client that performs the bulk of any data processing operations itself, and does not necessarily rely on the server. The personal computer is a common example of a fat client, because of its relatively large set of features and capabilities and its light reliance upon a server. For example, a computer running an art program (such as Krita or Sketchup) that ultimately shares the result of its work on a network is a thick client. A computer that runs almost entirely as a standalone machine save to send or receive files via a network is by a standard called a workstation.
A thin client is a minimal sort of client. Thin clients use the resources of the host computer. A thin client generally only presents processed data provided by an application server, which performs the bulk of any required data processing. A device using web application (such as Office Web Apps) is a thin client.[4]
A diskless node is a mixture of the above two client models. Similar to a fat client, it processes locally, but relies on the server for storing persistent data. This approach offers features from both the fat client (multimedia support, high performance) and the thin client (high manageability, flexibility). A device running an online version of the video game Diablo III is an example of diskless node.
Used in home and corporate networks, a client is any computer hardware or software device that requests access to a service provided by a server. Clients are typically seen as the requesting program or user in a client-server architecture. Client end-user devices typically include desktop computers, laptops and smartphones.
In a client-server architecture, clients interact with servers by making requests for data or resources that the client is not capable of providing. Clients and servers can be located in different areas and connect via a network. They can also be located on the same machine and connect by interprocess communications.
A distributed application framework divides tasks between servers and clients. Tasks that can be completed by the client are typically referred to as client-side, while tasks completed by a server are referred to as server-side.
Servers typically provide resources such as files, data, internet access, external storage or processing power. The server puts one or more programs in charge of distributing those services to requesting clients.
Clients and servers communicate in a request-response messaging pattern defined by a communication protocol, such as Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). The protocol defines the language and dialog patterns used. TCP, for example, maintains a connection between client and server until the end of a message exchange. TCP also determines how to distribute application data, transfers and receives packets, and manages any dropped packets. If a server receives a large number of requests at once, the requests are organized in a scheduling system based on priority. With client access control tools, a user can manage access to servers.
A server, for example, could be an Application Server, a separate computer, a database server or a web server. When a program or device does not have the resources to complete an operation, it will act as a client, making a request to a server, and that operation will happen server-side.
Examples of client-server relationships include web, file and mail servers. A web browser is essentially a client that requests pages from servers all over the web. The browser is the client that sends requests while a server in another location returns the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) file. The computer that handles the request and sends back the HTML file is a server.
File servers are computers that are responsible for the storage and management of data files, enabling users to share information over a network without having to physically transfer the files. Examples of a file server include a network attached storage device or a separate computer that can host shared files.
File Transfer Protocol is a client-server network protocol that is used to transmit files between computers over TCP/IP connections. The client-server protocol relies on two communications channels between the client and server -- a command channel for controlling the conversation and a data channel for transmitting file content.
"use client" is used to declare a boundary between a Server and Client Component modules. This means that by defining a "use client" in a file, all other modules imported into it, including child components, are considered part of the client bundle.
The diagram below shows that using onClick and useState in a nested component (toggle.js) will cause an error if the "use client" directive is not defined. This is because, by default, all components in the App Router are Server Components where these APIs are not available. By defining the "use client" directive in toggle.js, you can tell React to enter the client boundary where these APIs are available.
However, "use client" doesn't need to be defined in every component that needs to be rendered on the client. Once you define the boundary, all child components and modules imported into it are considered part of the client bundle.
In Next.js, Client Components are rendered differently depending on whether the request is part of a full page load (an initial visit to your application or a page reload triggered by a browser refresh) or a subsequent navigation.
To optimize the initial page load, Next.js will use React's APIs to render a static HTML preview on the server for both Client and Server Components. This means, when the user first visits your application, they will see the content of the page immediately, without having to wait for the client to download, parse, and execute the Client Component JavaScript bundle.
This means the Client Component JavaScript bundle is downloaded and parsed. Once the bundle is ready, React will use the RSC Payload to reconcile the Client and Server Component trees, and update the DOM.
Sometimes, after you've declared the "use client" boundary, you may want to go back to the server environment. For example, you may want to reduce the client bundle size, fetch data on the server, or use an API that is only available on the server.
You can keep code on the server even though it's theoretically nested inside Client Components by interleaving Client and Server Components and Server Actions. See the Composition Patterns page for more information.
OpenID Connect 1.0 is a simple identity layer on top of the OAuth 2.0 protocol. It enables Clients to verify the identity of the End-User based on the authentication performed by an Authorization Server, as well as to obtain basic profile information about the End-User in an interoperable and REST-like manner.
This specification defines how an OpenID Connect Relying Partycan dynamically register with the End-User's OpenID Provider,providing information about itself to the OpenID Provider,and obtaining information needed to use it,including the OAuth 2.0 Client ID for this Relying Party.
In order for an OpenID Connect Relying Party to utilize OpenID Connect services foran End-User, the RP needs to register with the OpenID Providerto provide the OP information about itself andto obtain information needed to use it,including an OAuth 2.0 Client ID.This specification describes how an RPcan register with an OP, and how registration informationfor the RP can be retrieved.
In the .txt version of this specification, values are quoted to indicate that they are to be taken literally. When using these values in protocol messages, the quotes MUST NOT be used as part of the value. In the HTML version of this specification, values to be taken literally are indicated by the use of this fixed-width font.
IMPORTANT NOTE TO READERS: The terminology definitions in this section are a normative portion of this specification, imposing requirements upon implementations. All the capitalized words in the text of this specification, such as "Client Registration Endpoint", reference these defined terms. Whenever the reader encounters them, their definitions found in this section must be followed.
Clients have metadata associated with their unique Client Identifier at the Authorization Server. These can range from human-facing display strings, such as a Client name, to items that impact the security of the protocol, such as the list of valid redirect URIs.
Human-readable Client Metadata values and Client Metadata values that reference human-readable values MAY be represented in multiple languages and scripts. For example, values such as client_name, tos_uri, policy_uri, logo_uri, and client_uri might have multiple locale-specific values in some Client registrations.
If such a human-readable field is sent without a language tag, parties using it MUST NOT make any assumptions about the language, character set, or script of the string value, and the string value MUST be used as-is wherever it is presented in a user interface. To facilitate interoperability, it is RECOMMENDED that any human-readable fields sent without language tags contain values suitable for display on a wide variety of systems. 152ee80cbc
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