A journal is a collection of articles (like a magazine) that is published regularly throughout the year. Journals present the most recent research, and journal articles are written by experts, for experts. They may be published in print or online formats, or both.
The front cover of a sample academic journal (PORTAL: Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies). Note that it includes a year, as well as "Vol." (for "Volume") and "No." (for "Number"). Because journals are published regularly, this information identifies different issues (like month and year on a popular magazine).
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A sample table of contents from the same academic journal, listing the articles that appear in this issue. (Note: When accessing journals online, articles are usually available as separate PDF documents.)
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If you are referencing a journal article which you have read online (on a website or as a PDF), you do not need to include [online], the URL or the access date in your reference. This is different from all other online items.
A pre-print is an journal article that has not yet undergone peer review. A post-print is an article that has been peer reviewed in preparation for publication in a journal. You will often find these articles in online repositories or archives.
Example:
Grachev, A.A., Leo, L.S., Di Sabatino, S., Fernando, H.J.S., Pardyjak, E.R. and Fairall, C.W. 2014. [Pre-print]. Structure of turbulence in katabatic flows below and above the wind-speed maximum. Boundary-Layer Meteorology.
Leeds Harvard does not use ibid to refer to previously cited items. If you are citing the same item twice in a row (i.e. you do not cite any other items in the text between the two citations) you must write the full citation again. As usual, if you are directly quoting or paraphrasing specific ideas, you should include a page number (if there is one).
If the item is produced by an organisation, treat the organisation as a "corporate author". This means you can use the name of the organisation instead of that of an individual author. This includes government departments, universities or companies. Cite the corporate author in the text the same way as you would an individual author.
When you're referencing with Leeds Harvard you may come across issues with missing details, multiple authors, edited books, references to another author's work or online items, to name a few. Here are some tips on how to deal with some common issues when using Leeds Harvard.
Not all journals will have both a volume and an issue numbers. If this information is unavailable, skip it and move to the next part of the pattern. Keep the formatting for the parts of the pattern that you do have. For example, if you only have a volume number, it should be in italics; if you only have an issue number, it should be in (brackets).
Some online only journals have article numbers. Often, these journals start every article at page 1, so page numbers are irrelevant. For journals with article numbers, put the article number in the place of the page numbers, after the word "Article":
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A journal is a collection of articles and is published periodically throughout the year. Examples would be the Journal of the American Medical Association or American Journal of Public Health. You would find articles in a journal.
APA is more than just citation and referencing! It's a whole style of writing designed to refer to people in research with dignity and respect and present research results in a standard style so that others can easily evaluate your work and replicate it.
This guide is a quick introduction to the American Psychological Association (APA) Style for references and citations. Be sure to consult the Publication Manual of the APA or the APA Style website for detailed standards and procedures.
Paraphrasing or summarizing the main findings or takeaways from a research article is the preferred method of citing sources in an APA paper. Always include the last name of the author(s) and the year of the publication, so your reader can find the full citation in the reference list.
If you're directly quoting more than 40 words, use a blockquote. Block quotes don't need quotation marks. Instead, indent the text 1/2" as a visual cue that you are citing. The in-text citation in parentheses goes after the punctuation of the quote.
Toro Tip: Use direct quotes sparingly! Focus on summarizing the findings from multiple research studies. In the sciences and social sciences, only use the exact phrasing or argument of an individual when necessary.
Include the complete citation at the end of your paper in a references section. References are organized by the author's last name in alphabetic (A-Z) order. Use an hanging indent to separate each list item.
The source for journal title, volume, issue, and date information is, in order ofpreference: (1) the title page of the issue, (2) the issue cover, and (3) themasthead. Running headers or footers may not carry the official title of a journaland date and issue information may be missing from these locations.
Hallal AH, Amortegui JD, Jeroukhimov IM,Casillas J, Schulman CI, Manning RJ, and others. Magneticresonance cholangiopancreatography accurately detects common bile duct stones inresolving gallstone pancreatitis. J Am Coll Surg. 2005 Jun;200(6):869-75.
Parkinson Study Group. Arandomized placebo-controlled trial of rasagiline in levodopa-treated patientswith Parkinson disease and motor fluctuations: the PRESTO study. Arch Neurol.2005 Feb;62(2):241-8.
Sugarterapias es Onkologiai SzakmaiKollegium. [Methodologic recommendations of the Oncology andRadiotherapy College. Protocol for oncology care. Diagnostic algorithms in thecourse of patient follow-up]. Magy Onkol. 2004;48(4):339-47. Hungarian.
Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia;Comissao de Infecciologia Respiratoria. [PortugueseRespiratory Society guidelines for the management of community-acquiredpneumonia in immunocompetent adults]. Rev Port Pneumol. 2003Sep-Oct;9(5):435-61. Portuguese.
Polish Neurologic Society; PolishNeurosurgical Society. [Recommendation of the PolishNeurologic Society and the Polish Neurosurgical Society regarding strokeprevention and therapy]. Neurol Neurochir Pol. 2003;37 Suppl 6:3-41. Polish.
Orchard TJ, Temprosa M, Goldberg R,Haffner S, Ratner R, Marcovina S, Fowler S; Diabetes Prevention ProgramResearch Group. The effect of metformin and intensivelifestyle intervention on the metabolic syndrome: the Diabetes PreventionProgram randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2005 Apr 19;142(8):611-9.
Faustini A, Giorgi Rossi P, Perucci CA;Gruppo Regionale Sorveglianza Tossinfezioni. [Impact ofguidelines in investigating foodborne disease outbreaks services in Lazioregion, Italy]. Epidemiol Prev. 2003 Nov-Dec;27(6):333-9. Italian.
Orchard TJ, Temprosa M, Goldberg R,Haffner S, Ratner R, Marcovina S, Fowler S. The effect ofmetformin and intensive lifestyle intervention on the metabolic syndrome: theDiabetes Prevention Program randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2005 Apr19;142(8):611-9. Authors are members ofthe Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group.
Pinet LM (Departamento de Servicios deSalud de Emergencia, Escuela de Posgrado, Universidad de Maryland, Condadode Baltimore, USA. lpinetl@umbc.edu). [Prehospital emergencycare in Mexico City: the opportunities of the healthcare system]. Salud PublicaMex. 2005 Jan-Feb;47(1):64-71. Spanish.
Calera Rubio AA, Roel Valdes JM, Casal Lareo A, Gadea Merino R, Rodrigo CencilloF. Riesgo quimico laboral: elementospara un diagnostico en Espana [Occupational chemical risk:elements for a diagnostic in Spain]. Rev Esp Salud Publica. 2005Mar-Apr;79(2):283-95. Spanish.
Picozzi G, Paci E, Lopez Pegna A, Bartolucci M, Roselli G, De Francisci A,Gabrielli S, Masi A, Villari N, Mascalchi M. Screening della neoplasia polmonare con TC spiralea bassa dose. Risultati di uno studio pilota triennale e disegno dellostudio clinico randomizzato ''Italung-CT'' = Screening of lung cancer withlow dose spiral CT: results of a three year pilot study and design of therandomised controlled trial ''Italung-CT''. Radiol Med(Torino). 2005 Jan-Feb;109(1-2):17-26. Italian, English.
Mar Molinero F, Ramos Amador JT, Sanchez Diaz JI. Terapeutica antimicrobiana enlas infecciones respiratorias de vias bajas [Antibacterial therapy in lowerrespiratory tract infections]. An Esp Pediatr. 1997 Jun;Spec No 2:207-8. Spanish.
Lee A, Chan EC, Ho M, Wong WS, Ng PP. The importance of needs assessment inplanning health promoting schools initiatives: comparison of youth riskbehaviours of two districts in Hong Kong. Asia Pac J Public Health.2004;16Suppl:S7-11.
Rico G, Kretschmer RR. The monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor (MLIF) producedby axenically grown Entamoeba histolytica fails to affect the locomotion and therespiratory burst of human eosinophils in vitro. Arch Med Res.1997;28 SpecNo:233-4.
Auriacombe L, Pedroni E, Kachaner J, Mandel C, Sidi D. [Aptitude for sports inchildren operated on for aortic coarctation. Contribution of the exercise test].Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss. 1989 Aug;82 SpecNo 2:13-6. French.
Gosse P, Jullien V, Jarnier P, Lemetayer P, Clementy J. Reduction in arterialdistensibility in hypertensive patients as evaluated by ambulatory measurementof the QKD interval is correlated with concentric remodeling of the leftventricle. Am J Hypertens. 1999 Dec;12(12 Pt 1-2):1252-5. 152ee80cbc
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