High school juniors Hanna, Spencer, Emily, and Aria have paid dearly for their sins. A stalker named "A" terrorized them for months and revealed their darkest secrets. But now that A's true identity has been revealed, the girls can finally go back to their pretty little lives.
Only, once a pretty little liar, always a pretty little liar- and these girls just can't help but be bad. Hanna will do anything to be Rosewood's queen bee. Spencer's digging up her family's secrets. Emily can't stop thinking about her new boyfriend. And Aria approves a little too strongly in her mom's taste in men.
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First, they claimed they found a dead body in the woods behind Spencer's house, only to have it vanish without a trace. Then when the same woods went up in flames, they swore they saw someone who's supposed to be dead rise from the ashes. And even after all that, the pretty little liars are still playing with fire.
In Rosewood, Pennsylvania, four stunningly beautiful girls are haunted by a very ugly past. Spencer, Aria, Hanna, and Emily want nothing more than to forget Alison DiLaurentis, their former best friend who tried to ruin their lives. But someone refuses to let her memory die. A is still out there, lurking in the shadows and digging up the pretty little liars' newest secrets.
Secret by secret, lie by lie, the girls get tangled in A's dangerous web. A knows about everything, from their tiniest transgressions to the awful incident in Jamaica. Soon A will have enough ammunition to pull the trigger and end the pretty little liars, once and for all....
As the trial goes on and the outcome looks grim, the girls are in their darkest hour yet. But maybe they can finally figure out how to beat Ali at her own game. Because once upon a time, she was just a pretty little liar too.
Intimate partner violence (IPV) affects millions of people across the world and is associated with a significant impact on physical and mental health of the victim. IPV often takes place within the context of marriage, where gender role expectations can play an important part in shaping attitudes towards it. While there is much research carried out to understand the phenomenon of IPV, little relates to how a husband and wife's accounts of spousal role expectations of each other contribute to marital conflict. The issue of IPV within marriage is highly sensitive, particularly in a patriarchy such as Pakistan. The aim of this unique study was to explore the perspective of Pakistani men and women about a husband and wife's role expectations and how fulfillment of such spousal role expectations impacts on marital conflict, and thereby IPV. Using the community setting, data for this qualitative study were collected through 41 individual interviews, including 20 from Pakistan and 21 from the UK. The findings are presented in two main themes, each containing two subthemes. The theme "provider and protector" relates to the role expectations from a husband, whereas "caretaker and household manager" relates to the role expectations of a wife. Overall, husbands and wives have numerous expectations of each other, and these expectations are shaped by gender role attitudes alongside cultural and societal norms. Unmet expectations and deviation of behavior from the perceived norms can result in the development of marital conflict which can escalate to IPV. The significance of this study lies in understanding spousal role expectations from the perspectives of husbands and wives and how unmet expectations contribute to marital conflict and IPV is important for health care professionals within family health contexts. This article provides a detailed insight of this largely hidden phenomena.
The gold standard of treatment for PDR has been laser photocoagulation (LPC) mainly to arrest and reverse neovascularisation [3, 4], despite the impact on peripheral and colour vision and the development or progression of macular oedema [5]. More recently, the use of anti-VEGF therapies has emerged as a promising novel treatment modality for PDR either alone or in conjunction with LPC [6]. However, these treatment options are reserved until PDR and/or macular oedema are established and tissue pathology evident on ocular examination. The challenge lies in finding biological markers that can identify those patients with NPDR at risk of retinopathy progression, ideally without the need for specialist ophthalmic examination, in a general practitioner setting at a low cost and most importantly, at a stage of the disease when little or no tissue pathology is present. The ability to identify patients at risk of progression using prognostic markers would benefit those patients through earlier intervention to preserve sight, and more directed treatment at a time point when it has the greatest impact on preventing disease progression prior to the development of significant tissue damage.
Although many studies have been conducted to determine the cellular and molecular mechanisms of acute SM-induced injuries in different organs [2, 15], little has been done to understand the mechanisms governing the delayed pathological changes in the respiratory system. The importance of these changes lies in the fact that respiratory complications are the most common long-term medical problems reported, more than 20 years after initial exposure to sulfur mustard, among 34,000 Iranian war survivors [16]. These affected individuals face a progressive time-dependent process i.e. pulmonary pathology worsens with passage of time [17]. The patients would benefit from any intervention that can reverse or stop the progression of histological changes [18]. Therefore, more in-depth studies are needed to elucidate the underlying pathogenic mechanisms and define new targets for therapeutic interventions. be457b7860
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